2.0 2012-05-31 09:55:58 -0600 2015-09-13 12:56:05 -0600 ECMDB00045 M2MDB000014 Adenosine monophosphate Adenosine monophosphate, also known as 5'-adenylic acid and abbreviated AMP, is a nucleotide that is found in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside adenosine. AMP consists of the phosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. AMP can be produced during ATP synthesis by the enzyme adenylate kinase. AMP has recently been approved as a 'Bitter Blocker' additive to foodstuffs. When AMP is added to bitter foods or foods with a bitter aftertaste it makes them seem 'sweeter'. This potentially makes lower calorie food products more palatable 5'-Adenosine monophosphate 5'-Adenosine monophosphoric acid 5'-Adenylate 5'-Adenylic acid 5'-AMP Adenosine 5'-monophosphate Adenosine 5'-monophosphoric acid Adenosine 5'-phosphate Adenosine 5'-phosphorate Adenosine 5'-phosphoric acid Adenosine monophosphoric acid Adenosine phosphate Adenosine phosphoric acid Adenosine-5'-monophosphate Adenosine-5'-monophosphorate Adenosine-5'-monophosphoric acid Adenosine-5'-phosphate Adenosine-5'-phosphoric acid Adenosine-5-monophosphate Adenosine-5-monophosphorate Adenosine-5-monophosphoric acid Adenosine-monophosphate Adenosine-monophosphoric acid Adenosine-phosphate Adenosine-phosphoric acid Adenovite Adenylate Adenylic acid AMP Cardiomone Lycedan Muscle adenylate Muscle adenylic acid My-B-Den My-beta-Den My-β-den Phosaden Phosphaden Phosphentaside C10H14N5O7P 347.2212 347.063084339 {[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}phosphonic acid adenylate 61-19-8 NC1=C2N=CN([C@@H]3O[C@H](COP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]3O)C2=NC=N1 InChI=1S/C10H14N5O7P/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-7(17)6(16)4(22-10)1-21-23(18,19)20/h2-4,6-7,10,16-17H,1H2,(H2,11,12,13)(H2,18,19,20)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1 UDMBCSSLTHHNCD-KQYNXXCUSA-N Solid Cytosol Extra-organism Periplasm logp -3.13 ALOGPS logs -2.02 ALOGPS solubility 3.31e+00 g/l ALOGPS melting_point 195 oC logp -4.7 ChemAxon pka_strongest_acidic 1.22 ChemAxon pka_strongest_basic 3.92 ChemAxon iupac {[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}phosphonic acid ChemAxon average_mass 347.2212 ChemAxon mono_mass 347.063084339 ChemAxon smiles NC1=C2N=CN([C@@H]3O[C@H](COP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]3O)C2=NC=N1 ChemAxon formula C10H14N5O7P ChemAxon inchi InChI=1S/C10H14N5O7P/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-7(17)6(16)4(22-10)1-21-23(18,19)20/h2-4,6-7,10,16-17H,1H2,(H2,11,12,13)(H2,18,19,20)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1 ChemAxon inchikey UDMBCSSLTHHNCD-KQYNXXCUSA-N ChemAxon polar_surface_area 186.07 ChemAxon refractivity 74.07 ChemAxon polarizability 29.96 ChemAxon rotatable_bond_count 4 ChemAxon acceptor_count 10 ChemAxon donor_count 5 ChemAxon physiological_charge -2 ChemAxon formal_charge 0 ChemAxon Pentose phosphate pathway ec00030 Reductive carboxylate cycle (CO2 fixation) ec00720 Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism ec00250 Arginine and proline metabolism ec00330 Nitrogen metabolism The biological process of the nitrogen cycle is a complex interplay among many microorganisms catalyzing different reactions, where nitrogen is found in various oxidation states ranging from +5 in nitrate to -3 in ammonia. The ability of fixing atmospheric nitrogen by the nitrogenase enzyme complex is present in restricted prokaryotes (diazotrophs). The other reduction pathways are assimilatory nitrate reduction and dissimilatory nitrate reduction both for conversion to ammonia, and denitrification. Denitrification is a respiration in which nitrate or nitrite is reduced as a terminal electron acceptor under low oxygen or anoxic conditions, producing gaseous nitrogen compounds (N2, NO and N2O) to the atmosphere. Nitrate can be introduced into the cytoplasm through a nitrate:nitrite antiporter NarK or a nitrate / nitrite transporter NarU. Nitrate is then reduced by a Nitrate Reductase resulting in the release of water, an acceptor and a Nitrite. Nitrite can also be introduced into the cytoplasm through a nitrate:nitrite antiporter NarK Nitrite can be reduced a NADPH dependent nitrite reductase resulting in water and NAD and Ammonia. Nitrite can interact with hydrogen ion, ferrocytochrome c through a cytochrome c-552 ferricytochrome resulting in the release of ferricytochrome c, water and ammonia Another process by which ammonia is produced is by a reversible reaction of hydroxylamine with a reduced acceptor through a hydroxylamine reductase resulting in an acceptor, water and ammonia. Water and carbon dioxide react through a carbonate dehydratase resulting in carbamic acid. This compound reacts spontaneously with hydrogen ion resulting in the release of carbon dioxide and ammonia. Carbon dioxide can interact with water through a carbonic anhydrase resulting in hydrogen carbonate. This compound interacts with cyanate and hydrogen ion through a cyanate hydratase resulting in a carbamic acid. Ammonia can be metabolized by reacting with L-glutamine and ATP driven glutamine synthetase resulting in ADP, phosphate and L-glutamine. The latter compound reacts with oxoglutaric acid and hydrogen ion through a NADPH dependent glutamate synthase resulting in the release of NADP and L-glutamic acid. L-glutamic acid reacts with water through a NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase resulting in the release of oxoglutaric acid, NADPH, hydrogen ion and ammonia. PW000755 ec00910 Metabolic Purine metabolism ec00230 Pyrimidine metabolism The metabolism of pyrimidines begins with L-glutamine interacting with water molecule and a hydrogen carbonate through an ATP driven carbamoyl phosphate synthetase resulting in a hydrogen ion, an ADP, a phosphate, an L-glutamic acid and a carbamoyl phosphate. The latter compound interacts with an L-aspartic acid through a aspartate transcarbamylase resulting in a phosphate, a hydrogen ion and a N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate. The latter compound interacts with a hydrogen ion through a dihydroorotase resulting in the release of a water molecule and a 4,5-dihydroorotic acid. This compound interacts with an ubiquinone-1 through a dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, type 2 resulting in a release of an ubiquinol-1 and an orotic acid. The orotic acid then interacts with a phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate through a orotate phosphoribosyltransferase resulting in a pyrophosphate and an orotidylic acid. The latter compound then interacts with a hydrogen ion through an orotidine-5 '-phosphate decarboxylase, resulting in an release of carbon dioxide and an Uridine 5' monophosphate. The Uridine 5' monophosphate process to get phosphorylated by an ATP driven UMP kinase resulting in the release of an ADP and an Uridine 5--diphosphate. Uridine 5-diphosphate can be metabolized in multiple ways in order to produce a Deoxyuridine triphosphate. 1.-Uridine 5-diphosphate interacts with a reduced thioredoxin through a ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase 1 resulting in the release of a water molecule and an oxidized thioredoxin and an dUDP. The dUDP is then phosphorylated by an ATP through a nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in the release of an ADP and a DeoxyUridine triphosphate. 2.-Uridine 5-diphosphate interacts with a reduced NrdH glutaredoxin-like protein through a Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase 1 resulting in a release of a water molecule, an oxidized NrdH glutaredoxin-like protein and a dUDP. The dUDP is then phosphorylated by an ATP through a nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in the release of an ADP and a DeoxyUridine triphosphate. 3.-Uridine 5-diphosphate is phosphorylated by an ATP-driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and an Uridinetriphosphate. The latter compound interacts with a reduced flavodoxin through ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductase resulting in the release of an oxidized flavodoxin, a water molecule and a Deoxyuridine triphosphate 4.-Uridine 5-diphosphate is phosphorylated by an ATP-driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and an Uridinetriphosphate The uridine triphosphate interacts with a L-glutamine and a water molecule through an ATP driven CTP synthase resulting in an ADP, a phosphate, a hydrogen ion, an L-glutamic acid and a cytidine triphosphate. The cytidine triphosphate interacts with a reduced flavodoxin through a ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductase resulting in the release of a water molecule, an oxidized flavodoxin and a dCTP. The dCTP interacts with a water molecule and a hydrogen ion through a dCTP deaminase resulting in a release of an ammonium molecule and a Deoxyuridine triphosphate. 5.-Uridine 5-diphosphate is phosphorylated by an ATP-driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and an Uridinetriphosphate The uridine triphosphate interacts with a L-glutamine and a water molecule through an ATP driven CTP synthase resulting in an ADP, a phosphate, a hydrogen ion, an L-glutamic acid and a cytidine triphosphate. The cytidine triphosphate then interacts spontaneously with a water molecule resulting in the release of a phosphate, a hydrogen ion and a CDP. The CDP then interacts with a reduced NrdH glutaredoxin-like protein through a ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase 2 resulting in the release of a water molecule, an oxidized NrdH glutaredoxin-like protein and a dCDP. The dCDP is then phosphorylated through an ATP driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and a dCTP. The dCTP interacts with a water molecule and a hydrogen ion through a dCTP deaminase resulting in a release of an ammonium molecule and a Deoxyuridine triphosphate. 6.-Uridine 5-diphosphate is phosphorylated by an ATP-driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and an Uridinetriphosphate The uridine triphosphate interacts with a L-glutamine and a water molecule through an ATP driven CTP synthase resulting in an ADP, a phosphate, a hydrogen ion, an L-glutamic acid and a cytidine triphosphate. The cytidine triphosphate then interacts spontaneously with a water molecule resulting in the release of a phosphate, a hydrogen ion and a CDP. The CDP interacts with a reduced thioredoxin through a ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase 1 resulting in a release of a water molecule, an oxidized thioredoxin and a dCDP. The dCDP is then phosphorylated through an ATP driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and a dCTP. The dCTP interacts with a water molecule and a hydrogen ion through a dCTP deaminase resulting in a release of an ammonium molecule and a Deoxyuridine triphosphate. The deoxyuridine triphosphate then interacts with a water molecule through a nucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase resulting in a release of a hydrogen ion, a phosphate and a dUMP. The dUMP then interacts with a methenyltetrahydrofolate through a thymidylate synthase resulting in a dihydrofolic acid and a 5-thymidylic acid. Then 5-thymidylic acid is then phosphorylated through a nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in the release of an ADP and thymidine 5'-triphosphate. PW000942 ec00240 Metabolic Phenylalanine metabolism The pathways of the metabolism of phenylalaline begins with the conversion of chorismate to prephenate through a P-protein (chorismate mutase:pheA). Prephenate then interacts with a hydrogen ion through the same previous enzyme resulting in a release of carbon dioxide, water and a phenolpyruvic acid. Three enzymes those enconde by tyrB, aspC and ilvE are involved in catalyzing the third step of these pathways, all three can contribute to the synthesis of phenylalanine: only tyrB and aspC contribute to biosynthesis of tyrosine. Phenolpyruvic acid can also be obtained from a reversivle reaction with ammonia, a reduced acceptor and a D-amino acid dehydrogenase, resulting in a water, an acceptor and a D-phenylalanine, which can be then transported into the periplasmic space by aromatic amino acid exporter. L-phenylalanine also interacts in two reversible reactions, one involved with oxygen through a catalase peroxidase resulting in a carbon dioxide and 2-phenylacetamide. The other reaction involved an interaction with oxygen through a phenylalanine aminotransferase resulting in a oxoglutaric acid and phenylpyruvic acid. L-phenylalanine can be imported into the cytoplasm through an aromatic amino acid:H+ symporter AroP. The compound can also be imported into the periplasmic space through a transporter: L-amino acid efflux transporter. PW000921 ec00360 Metabolic Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis ec00010 Folate biosynthesis The biosynthesis of folic acid begins with a product of purine nucleotides de novo biosynthesis pathway, GTP. This compound is involved in a reaction with water through a GTP cyclohydrolase 1 protein complex, resulting in a hydrogen ion, formic acid and 7,8-dihydroneopterin 3-triphosphate. The latter compound is dephosphatased through a dihydroneopterin triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase resulting in the release of a pyrophosphate, hydrogen ion and 7,8-dihydroneopterin 3-phosphate. The latter compound reacts with water spontaneously resulting in the release of a phosphate and a 7,8 -dihydroneopterin. This compound reacts with a dihydroneopterin aldolase, releasing a glycoaldehyde and 6-hydroxymethyl-7,9-dihydropterin. The latter compound is phosphorylated with a ATP-driven 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin pyrophosphokinase resulting in a (2-amino-4-hydroxy-7,8-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl diphosphate. Chorismate is metabolized by reacting with L-glutamine through a 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate synthase resulting in L-glutamic acid and 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate. The latter compound then reacts through an aminodeoxychorismate lyase resulting in pyruvic acid,hydrogen ion and p-aminobenzoic acid. (2-amino-4-hydroxy-7,8-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl diphosphate and p-aminobenzoic acid react through a dihydropteroate synthase resulting in pyrophosphate and 7,8-dihydropteroic acid. This compound reacts with L-glutamic acid through an ATP driven bifunctional folylpolyglutamate synthetase / dihydrofolate synthetase resulting in a 7,8-dihydrofolate monoglutamate. This compound is reduced through an NADPH mediated dihydrofolate reductase resulting in a tetrahydrofate. This product goes on to a one carbon pool by folate pathway. PW000908 ec00790 Metabolic Cyanoamino acid metabolism ec00460 Pyruvate metabolism ec00620 Methane metabolism ec00680 Valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis ec00290 Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis The CoA biosynthesis requires compounds from two other pathways: aspartate metabolism and valine biosynthesis. It requires a Beta-Alanine and R-pantoate. The compound (R)-pantoate is generated in two reactions, as shown by the interaction of alpha-ketoisovaleric acid, 5,10 methylene-THF and water through a 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate hydroxymethyltransferase resulting in a tetrahydrofolic acid and a 2-dehydropantoate. This compound interacts with hydrogen through a NADPH driven acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase resulting in the release of NADP and R-pantoate. On the other hand L-aspartic acid interacts with a hydrogen ion and gets decarboxylated through an Aspartate 1- decarboxylase resulting in a carbon dioxide and a Beta-alanine. Beta-alanine and R-pantoate interact with an ATP driven pantothenate synthetase resulting in pyrophosphate, AMP, hydrogen ion and pantothenic acid. Pantothenic acid is phosphorylated through a ATP-driven pantothenate kinase resulting in a ADP, a hydrogen ion and D-4'-Phosphopantothenate. This compound interacts with a CTP and a L-cysteine resulting in a fused 4'-phosphopantothenoylcysteine decarboxylase and phosphopantothenoylcysteine synthetase resulting in a hydrogen ion, a pyrophosphate, a CMP and 4-phosphopantothenoylcysteine. The latter compound interacts with a hydrogen ion through a fused 4'-phosphopantothenoylcysteine decarboxylase and phosphopantothenoylcysteine synthetase resulting in a carbon dioxide release and a 4-phosphopantetheine. This compound interacts with an ATP, hydrogen ion and an phosphopantetheine adenylyltransferase resulting in a release of pyrophosphate, and dephospho-CoA. Dephospho-CoA reacts with an ATP driven dephospho-CoA kinase resulting in a ADP , a hydrogen ion and a Coenzyme A. . The latter is converted into (R)-4'-phosphopantothenate is two steps, involving a β-alanine ligase and a kinase. In most organsims the ligase acts before the kinase (EC 6.3.2.1, pantoate—β-alanine ligase (AMP-forming) followed by EC 2.7.1.33, pantothenate kinase, as described in phosphopantothenate biosynthesis I and phosphopantothenate biosynthesis II. However, in archaea the order is reversed, and EC 2.7.1.169, pantoate kinase acts before EC 6.3.2.36, 4-phosphopantoate—β-alanine ligase, as described in phosphopantothenate biosynthesis III. The kinases are feedback inhibited by CoA itself, accounting for the primary regulatory mechanism of CoA biosynthesis. The addition of L-cysteine to (R)-4'-phosphopantothenate, resulting in the formation of R-4'-phosphopantothenoyl-L-cysteine (PPC), is followed by decarboxylation of PPC to 4'-phosphopantetheine. The ultimate reaction is catalyzed by EC 2.7.1.24, dephospho-CoA kinase, which converts 4'-phosphopantetheine to CoA. All enzymes of this pathway are essential for growth. The reactions in the biosynthetic route towards CoA are identical in most organisms, although there are differences in the functionality of the involved enzymes. In plants every step is catalyzed by single monofunctional enzymes, whereas in bacteria and mammals bifunctional enzymes are often employed [Rubio06]. PW000828 ec00770 Metabolic Selenoamino acid metabolism ec00450 Sulfur metabolism The sulfur metabolism pathway starts in three possible ways. The first is the uptake of sulfate through an active transport reaction via a sulfate transport system containing an ATP-binding protein which hydrolyses ATP. Sulfate is converted by the sulfate adenylyltransferase enzymatic complex to adenosine phosphosulfate through the addition of adenine from a molecule of ATP, along with one phosphate group. Adenosine phosphosulfate is further converted to phoaphoadenosine phosphosulfate through an ATP hydrolysis and dehydrogenation reaction by the adenylyl-sulfate kinase. Phoaphoadenosine phosphosulfate is finally dehydrogenated and converted to sulfite by phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate reductase. This reaction requires magnesium, and adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate is the bi-product. A thioredoxin is also oxidized. Sulfite can also be produced from the dehydrogenation of cyanide along with the conversion of thiosulfate to thiocyanate by the thiosulfate sulfurtransferase enzymatic complex. Sulfite next undergoes a series of reactions that lead to the production of pyruvic acid, which is a precursor for pathways such as gluconeogenesis. The first reaction in this series is the conversion of sulfite to hydrogen sulfide through hygrogenation and the deoxygenation of sulfite to form a water molecule. The reaction is catalyzed by the sulfite reductase [NADPH] flavoprotein alpha and beta components. Siroheme, 4Fe-4S, flavin mononucleotide, and FAD function as cofactors or prosthetic groups. Hydrogen sulfide next undergoes dehydrogenation in a reversible reaction to form L-Cysteine and acetic acid, via the cysteine synthase complex and the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. L-Cysteine is dehydrogenated and converted to 2-aminoacrylic acid (a bronsted acid) and hydrogen sulfide(which may be reused) by a larger enzymatic complex composed of cysteine synthase A/B, protein malY, cystathionine-β-lyase, and tryptophanase, along with the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. 2-aminoacrylic acid isomerizes to 2-iminopropanoate, which along with a water molecule and a hydrogen ion is lastly converted to pyruvic acid and ammonium in a spontaneous fashion. The second possible initial starting point for sulfur metabolism is the import of taurine(an alternate sulfur source) into the cytoplasm via the taurine ABC transporter complex. Taurine, oxoglutaric acid, and oxygen are converted to sulfite by the alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent taurine dioxygenase. Carbon dioxide, succinic acid, and aminoacetaldehyde are bi-products of this reaction. Sulfite next enters pyruvic acid synthesis as already described. The third variant of sulfur metabolism starts with the import of an alkyl sulfate into the cytoplasm via an aliphatic sulfonate ABC transporter complex which hydrolyses ATP. The alkyl sulfate is dehydrogenated and along with oxygen is converted to sulfite and an aldehyde by the FMNH2-dependent alkanesulfonate monooxygenase enzyme. Water and flavin mononucleotide(which is used in a subsequent reaction as a prosthetic group) are also produced. Sulfite is next converted to pyruvic acid by the process already described. PW000922 ec00920 Metabolic Tryptophan metabolism The biosynthesis of L-tryptophan begins with L-glutamine interacting with a chorismate through a anthranilate synthase which results in a L-glutamic acid, a pyruvic acid, a hydrogen ion and a 2-aminobenzoic acid. The aminobenzoic acid interacts with a phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate through an anthranilate synthase component II resulting in a pyrophosphate and a N-(5-phosphoribosyl)-anthranilate. The latter compound is then metabolized by an indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase / phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase resulting in a 1-(o-carboxyphenylamino)-1-deoxyribulose 5'-phosphate. This compound then interacts with a hydrogen ion through a indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase / phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase resulting in the release of carbon dioxide, a water molecule and a (1S,2R)-1-C-(indol-3-yl)glycerol 3-phosphate. The latter compound then interacts with a D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and an Indole. The indole interacts with an L-serine through a tryptophan synthase, β subunit dimer resulting in a water molecule and an L-tryptophan. The metabolism of L-tryptophan starts with L-tryptophan being dehydrogenated by a tryptophanase / L-cysteine desulfhydrase resulting in the release of a hydrogen ion, an Indole and a 2-aminoacrylic acid. The latter compound is isomerized into a 2-iminopropanoate. This compound then interacts with a water molecule and a hydrogen ion spontaneously resulting in the release of an Ammonium and a pyruvic acid. The pyruvic acid then interacts with a coenzyme A through a NAD driven pyruvate dehydrogenase complex resulting in the release of a NADH, a carbon dioxide and an Acetyl-CoA PW000815 ec00380 Metabolic Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis ec00970 Drug metabolism - other enzymes ec00983 Porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism ec00860 Biotin metabolism Biotin (vitamin H or vitamin B7) is the essential cofactor of biotin-dependent carboxylases, such as pyruvate carboxylase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase.In E. coli and many organisms, pimelate thioester is derived from malonyl-ACP. The pathway starts with a malonyl-[acp] interacting with S-adenosylmethionine through a biotin synthesis protein BioC resulting in a S-adenosylhomocysteine and a malonyl-[acp] methyl ester. The latter compound is then involved in the synthesis of a 3-ketoglutaryl-[acp] methyl ester through a 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase. The compound 3-ketoglutaryl-[acp] methyl ester is reduced by a NADPH mediated 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase resulting in a 3R-hydroxyglutaryl-[acp] methyl ester. This compound is then dehydrated through ad (3R)-hydroxymyristoyl-[acp] dehydratase producing a enoylglutaryl-[acp] methyl ester. This compound is then reduced through a NADPH mediated enoyl-acp-reductase [NADH] resulting in a glutaryl-[acp] methyl ester. This compound interacts with a malonyl-[acp] through a 3-oxoacyl-[acp] synthase 2 resulting in a 3-ketopimeloyl [acp] methyl ester. This compound is then reduced through a NADPH 3-oxoacyl [acp] reductase producing a 3-hydroxypimeloyl-[acp] methyl ester and then dehydrated by (3R)-hydroxymyristoyl-[acp] dehydratase to produce a enoylpimeloyl-[acp] methyl ester. This compound is then reduced by a NADPH dependent enoyl-[acp]reductase resulting in a pimeloyl-[acp] methyl ester. This compound then reacts with water through a carboxylesterase resulting in a pimeloyl-[acp] and a methanol. The pimeloyl-acp reacts with L-alanine through a 8-amino-7-oxononanoate synthase resulting in 8-amino-7-oxononanoate which in turn reacts with S-adenosylmethionine through a 7,8 diaminonanoate transaminase resulting in a S-adenosyl-4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoate and 7,8 diaminononanoate. The latter compound is then dephosphorylated through a dethiobiotin synthetase resulting in a dethiobiotin. This compound interacts with a sulfurated[sulfur carrier), a hydrogen ion and a S-adenosylmethionine through a biotin synthase to produce Biotin and releasing l-methionine and a 5-deoxyadenosine. Biotin is then metabolized by a bifunctional protein resulting in pyrophosphate and Biotinyl-5-AMP which in turn reacts with the same protein (bifunctional protein birA resulting ina biotin caroxyl carrying protein.This product then enters the fatty acid biosynthesis. PW000762 ec00780 Metabolic Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism ec00760 beta-Alanine metabolism The Beta-Alanine Metabolism starts with a product of Aspartate metabolism. Aspartate is decarboxylated by aspartate 1-decarboxylase, releasing carbon dioxide and Beta-alanine. Beta alanine is then metabolized through a pantothenate synthetase resulting in Pantothenic acid undergoes phosphorylation through a ATP driven pantothenate kinase, resulting in D-4-phosphopantothenate. Pantothenate (vitamin B5) is the universal precursor for the synthesis of the 4'-phosphopantetheine moiety of coenzyme A and acyl carrier protein. Only plants and microorganismscan synthesize pantothenate de novo - animals require a dietary supplement. The enzymes of this pathway are therefore considered to be antimicrobial drug targets. PW000896 ec00410 Metabolic Propanoate metabolism Starting from L-threonine, this compound is deaminated through a threonine deaminase resulting in a hydrogen ion, a water molecule and a (2z)-2-aminobut-2-enoate. The latter compound then isomerizes to a 2-iminobutanoate, This compound then reacts spontaneously with hydrogen ion and a water molecule resulting in a ammonium and a 2-Ketobutyric acid. The latter compound interacts with CoA through a pyruvate formate-lyase / 2-ketobutyrate formate-lyase resulting in a formic acid and a propionyl-CoA. Propionyl-CoA can then be processed either into a 2-methylcitric acid or into a propanoyl phosphate. Propionyl-CoA interacts with oxalacetic acid and a water molecule through a 2-methylcitrate synthase resulting in a hydrogen ion, a CoA and a 2-Methylcitric acid.The latter compound is dehydrated through a 2-methylcitrate dehydratase resulting in a water molecule and cis-2-methylaconitate. The latter compound is then dehydrated by a bifunctional aconitate hydratase 2 and 2-methylisocitrate dehydratase resulting in a water molecule and methylisocitric acid. The latter compound is then processed by 2-methylisocitrate lyase resulting in a release of succinic acid and pyruvic acid. Succinic acid can then interact with a propionyl-CoA through a propionyl-CoA:succinate CoA transferase resulting in a propionic acid and a succinyl CoA. Succinyl-CoA is then isomerized through a methylmalonyl-CoA mutase resulting in a methylmalonyl-CoA. This compound is then decarboxylated through a methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase resulting in a release of Carbon dioxide and Propionyl-CoA. ropionyl-CoA interacts with a phosphate through a phosphate acetyltransferase / phosphate propionyltransferase resulting in a CoA and a propanoyl phosphate. Propionyl-CoA can react with a phosphate through a phosphate acetyltransferase / phosphate propionyltransferase resulting in a CoA and a propanoyl phosphate. The latter compound is then dephosphorylated through a ADP driven acetate kinase/propionate kinase protein complex resulting in an ATP and Propionic acid. Propionic acid can be processed by a reaction with CoA through a ATP-driven propionyl-CoA synthetase resulting in a pyrophosphate, an AMP and a propionyl-CoA. PW000940 ec00640 Metabolic Fatty acid biosynthesis The fatty acid biosynthesis starts from acetyl-CoA reacting either with a holo-[acp] through a 3-oxoacyl-[acp] synthase 3 resulting in an acetyl-[acp] or react with hydrogen carbonate through an ATP driven acetyl-CoA carboxylase resulting in a malonyl-CoA. Malonyl-CoA reacts with a holo-acp] through a malonyl-CoA-ACP transacylase resulting in a malonyl-[acp]. This compound can react with a KASI protein resulting in an acetyl-[acp]. A malonyl-[acp] can also react with an acetyl-[acp] through KASI and KASII or with acetyl-CoA through a beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase to produce an acetoacetyl-[acp]. An acetoacetyl-[acp] is also known as a 3-oxoacyl-[acp]. A 3-oxoacyl-[acp] is reduced through a NDPH mediated 3-oxoacyl-[acp] reductase resulting in a (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-[acp] (R3 hydroxydecanoyl-[acp]) which can either join the fatty acid metabolism, be dehydrated by an 3R-hydroxymyristoyl-[acp] dehydratase to produce a trans-2-enoyl-[acp] or be dehydrated by a hydroxydecanoyl-[acp] to produce a trans-delta2 decenoyl-[acp]. Trans-2-enoyl-[acp] is reduced by a NADH driven enoyl-[acp] reductase resulting in a 2,3,4-saturated fatty acyl-[acp]. This product then reacts with malonyl-[acp] through KASI and KASII resulting in a holo-acyl carrier protein and a 3- oxoacyl-[acp]. Trans-delta2 decenoyl-[acp] reacts with a 3-hydroxydecanoyl-[acp] dehydrase producing a cis-delta 3-decenoyl-ACP. This product then reacts with KASI to produce a 3-oxo-cis-delta5-dodecenoyl-[acp], which in turn is reduced by a NADPH driven 3-oxoacyl-[acp] resulting in a 3R-hydroxy cis delta5-dodecenoyl-acp. This product is dehydrated by a (3R)-hydroxymyristoyl-[acp] dehydratase resulting in a trans-delta 3- cis-delta 5-dodecenoyl-[acp] which in turn is reduced by a NADH driven enoyl-[acp] reductase resulting in a cis-delta5-dodecenoyl-acp which goes into fatty acid metabolism PW000900 ec00061 Metabolic Ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis ec00130 Biosynthesis of siderophore group nonribosomal peptides 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate is synthesized from chorismate via isochorismate and 2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzoate. The biosynthesis of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate starts from chorismate being synthesized into isochorismate through isochorismate synthase entC. EntC catalyzes the conversion of chorismate to isochorismate. The N-terminal isochorismate lyase domain of EntB hydrolyzes the pyruvate group of isochorismate to produce 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate. The conversion of this latter compound to 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate is catalyzed by the EntA dehydrogenase.This compound then interacts with L-serine and ATP through enterobactin synthase protein complex resulting in the production of enterobactin. Enterobactin is exported into the periplasmic space through the enterobactin exporter entS. The compound is the export to the environment through the outer membrane protein TolC. In the environment enterobactin reacts with iron to produce Ferric enterobactin. This compound is imported into the periplasmic space through a ferric enterobactin outermembrane transport complex. The compound then enters the cytoplasm through a ferric enterobactin ABC transporter.Once inside the cytoplasm, ferric enterobactin spontaneously releases the iron ion from the enterobactin. PW000760 ec01053 Metabolic Fatty acid metabolism This pathway depicts the degradation of palmitic acid (C16:0). Fatty acid degradation and synthesis are relatively simple processes that are essentially the reverse of each other. The process of fatty acid degradation, also known as Beta-Oxidation, converts an aliphatic compound into a set of activated acetyl units (acetyl CoA) that can be processed by the citric acid cycle. An activated fatty acid is first oxidized to introduce a double bond; the double bond is then hydrated to introduce an oxygen; the alcohol is then oxidized to a ketone; and, finally, the four carbon fragment is cleaved by coenzyme A to yield acetyl CoA and a fatty acid chain two carbons shorter. If the fatty acid has an even number of carbon atoms and is saturated, the process is simply repeated until the fatty acid is completely converted into acetyl CoA units. Fatty acid synthesis is essentially the reverse of this process. Because the result is a polymer, the process starts with monomers—in this case with activated acyl group and malonyl units. The malonyl unit is condensed with the acetyl unit to form a four-carbon fragment. To produce the required hydrocarbon chain, the carbonyl must be reduced. The fragment is reduced, dehydrated, and reduced again, exactly the opposite of degradation, to bring the carbonyl group to the level of a methylene group with the formation of butyryl CoA. Another activated malonyl group condenses with the butyryl unit and the process is repeated until a C16 fatty acid is synthesized. The first step converts the hydroxydecanoyl into a trans 2decenoyl acp through a protein complex conformed of a hydroxomyristoyl dehydratase and a hydroxydecanoyl dehydratase. The second step leads to the production of a cis 3 decenoyl acp through a 3-hydroxydecanoyl acp dehydratase. For the third step the cis 3 decenoyl acp enters a cycle involving a synthase, reductase, dehydratase and an enoyl reductase which in turn produce a cis x enoyl-acp, hydroxy cis x enoyl, trans x-2 cis x enoyl acp and cis x enoyl respectively.This is done until a palmitoleoyl is produce. In said case the pathway procedes in two different directions. It can either produce a palmitoleic acid through a acyl-coa thioesterase, or produce a Vaccenic acid through a different set of reactions. This process is achieved through a 3-oxoacyl acp synthase, a 3-oxoacyl acp reductase, a 3r hydroxymyristoyl dehydratase and an enoyl acp reductase that produces a transition through 3-oxo cis vaccenoyl acp, 3 hydroxy cis vaccenoyl acp, cis vaccen 2 enoyl acp and a cis vaccenoyl acp respectively. At this point it goes through one final reaction to produce a Vaccenic acid, through an acyl-CoA thioesterase PW000796 ec00071 Metabolic Lipoic acid metabolism Lipoic acid metabolism starts with caprylic acid being introduced into the cytoplasm however no transporter has been identified yet. Once caprylic acid is in the cytoplasm, it can either reacts with a holo-acp, through an ATP driven 2-acylglycerophosphoethanolamine acyltransferase / acyl-ACP synthetase resulting in pyrophosphate, AMP and octanoyl-[acp]. The latter compound can also be obtained from palmitate biosynthesis. Octanoyl-acp interacts with a lipoyl-carrier protein L-lysine through a Octanoyltransferase resulting in a hydrogen ion, a holo-acyl-acp, and a protein N6-0octanoyl) lysine. The latter compound reacts with an S-adenosylmethionine, a sulfurated[sulfur carrier] and a reduced ferredoxin through a lipoate-protein ligase A, resulting in a 5-deoxyadenosine, a L-methionine, an unsulfurated [sulfur carrier], oxidized ferredoxin, and a Protein N6-(lipoyl) lysine. Caprylic acid can also interact with ATP and a lipoyl-carrier protein-L-lysine through a lipoate-protein ligase A resulting in a amp, pyrophosphate, hydrogen ion, protein N6-(octanoyl)lysine. The latter compound reacts with an S-adenosylmethionine, a sulfurated[sulfur carrier] and a reduced ferredoxin through a lipoate-protein ligase A, resulting in a 5-deoxyadenosine, a L-methionine, an unsulfurated [sulfur carrier], oxidized ferredoxin, and a Protein N6-(lipoyl) lysine. R-lipoic acid can be absorbed from the environment, as seen in studies by Morris TW. In this pathway the lipoyl-protein ligase LplA utilizes pre-existing lipoate that has been imported from outside the cell, and thus catalyzes a salvage pathway. Lipoic acid interacts with ATP and hydrogen ion through a lipoyl-protein ligase A, resulting in a pyrophosphate and a Lipoyl-AMP (lipoyl-adenylate). This compound then interacts with a lipoyl-carrier protein-L-lysine through a lipoate-protein ligase A resulting a AMP, a hydrogen ion and a Protein N6-(lipoyl) lysine. It has been suggested that the conversion of octanoylated-domains to lipoylated ones described in this pathway may be a type of a repair pathway, activated only if the other lipoate biosynthetic pathways are malfunctioning . PW000770 ec00785 Metabolic Microbial metabolism in diverse environments ec01120 Two-component system ec02020 DNA replication eco03030 Metabolic pathways eco01100 Asparagine biosynthesis L-asparagine is synthesized in E. coli from L-aspartate by either of two reactions, utilizing either L-glutamine or ammonia as the amino group donor. Both reactions are ATP driven and yield AMP and pyrophosphate. The first reaction is catalyzed only by asparagine synthetase B, while the second reaction is catalyzed by both asparagine synthetase A and asparagine synthetase B, The only known role of asparagine in the metabolism of E. coli is as a constituent of protein. PW000813 Metabolic Aspartate metabolism Aspartate (seen in the center) is synthesized from and degraded to oxaloacetate , an intermediate of the TCA cycle, by a reversible transamination reaction with glutamate. As shown here, AspC is the principal transaminase that catalyzes this reaction, but TyrB also catalyzes it. Null mutations in aspC do not confer aspartate auxotrophy; null mutations in both aspC and tyrB do. Aspartate is a constituent of proteins and participates in several other biosyntheses as shown here( NAD biosynthesis and Beta-Alanine Metabolism . Approximately 27 percent of the cell's nitrogen flows through aspartate Aspartate can be synthesized from fumaric acid through a aspartate ammonia lyase. Aspartate also participates in the synthesis of L-asparagine through two different methods, either through aspartate ammonia ligase or asparagine synthetase B. Aspartate is also a precursor of fumaric acid. Again it has two possible ways of synthesizing it. First set of reactions follows an adenylo succinate synthetase that yields adenylsuccinic acid and then adenylosuccinate lyase in turns leads to fumaric acid. The second way is through argininosuccinate synthase that yields argininosuccinic acid and then argininosuccinate lyase in turns leads to fumaric acid PW000787 Metabolic GTP degradation GTP, produced in the nucleotide de novo biosyntheis pathway, interacts with a water molecule through a GTP cyclohydrolase resulting in a formate, hydrogen ion and a 7,8-dihydroneopterin 3'-triphosphate. The latter compound interacts with a water molecule through a dihydroneopterin triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase resulting in the release of a pyrophosphate, a hydrogen ion and a 7,8-dihydroneopterin 3'-phosphate. The latter compound interacts with water spontaneously resulting in the release of a phosphate and a 7,8 dihydroneopterin. The latter compound interacts with a dihydroneopterin aldolase resulting in the release of a glycolaldehyde and a 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin. This compound then is then diphosphorylated by reacting with a ATP driven 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin pyrophosphokinase resulting in the release of a hydrogen ion, an AMP and 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin diphosphate. GTP interacts with a cyclic pyranopterin monophosphate synthase resulting in the release of a diphosphate and a cyclic pyranopterin phosphate. The latter compound interacts with a thiocarboxylated small subunit of molybdopterin synthase (a protein) and a water molecule through a molybdopterin synthase resulting in the release of 4 hydrogen ions, 2 small subunits of molybdopterin synthase and a molybdopterin. The molybdopterin interacts with an ATP and a hydrogen ion through a molybdopterin adenylyltransferase resulting in the release of a diphosphate and a molybdopterin adenine dinucleotide. PW001888 Metabolic Gluconeogenesis from L-malic acid Gluconeogenesis from L-malic acid starts from the introduction of L-malic acid into cytoplasm either through a C4 dicarboxylate / orotate:H+ symporter or a dicarboxylate transporter (succinic acid antiporter). L-malic acid is then metabolized through 3 possible ways: NAD driven malate dehydrogenase resulting in oxalacetic acid, NADP driven malate dehydrogenase B resulting pyruvic acid or malate dehydrogenase, NAD-requiring resulting in pyruvic acid. Oxalacetic acid is processed by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (ATP driven) while pyruvic acid is processed by phosphoenolpyruvate synthetase resulting in phosphoenolpyruvic acid. This compound is dehydrated by enolase resulting in an 2-phosphoglyceric acid. This compound is then isomerized by 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase resulting in a 3-phosphoglyceric acid which is phosphorylated by an ATP driven phosphoglycerate kinase resulting in an glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate. This compound undergoes an NADH driven glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction resulting in a D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate which is first isomerized into dihydroxyacetone phosphate through an triosephosphate isomerase. D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and Dihydroxyacetone phosphate react through a fructose biphosphate aldolase protein complex resulting in a fructose 1,6-biphosphate. This compound is metabolized by a fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase resulting in a Beta-D-fructofuranose 6-phosphate which is then isomerized into a Beta-D-glucose 6-phosphate through a glucose-6-phosphate isomerase. PW000819 Metabolic Menaquinol biosythesis Menaquinol biosynthesis starts with chorismate being metabolized into isochorismate through a isochorismate synthase. Isochorismate then interacts with 2-oxoglutare and a hydrogen ion through a 2-succinyl-5-enolpyruvyl-6-hydroxy-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylate synthase resulting in the release of a carbon dioxide and a 2-succinyl-5-enolpyruvyl-6-hydroxy-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylate. The latter compound then interacts with (1R,6R)-2-succinyl-6-hydroxy-2,4-cyclohexadiene-1-carboxylate synthase resulting in the release of a pyruvate and a (1R,6R)-6-hydroxy-2-succinylcyclohexa-2,4-diene-1-carboxylate. This compound is the dehydrated through a o-succinylbenzoate synthase resulting in the release of a water molecule and a 2-succinylbenzoate. This compound then interacts with a coenzyme A and an ATP through a o-succinylbenzoate CoA ligase resulting in the release of a diphosphate, a AMP and a succinylbenzoyl-CoA. The latter compound interacts with a hydrogen ion through a 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoyl-CoA synthase resulting in the release of a water molecule or a 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoyl-CoA. This compound then interacts with water through a 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoyl-CoA thioesterase resulting in the release of a coenzyme A, a hydrogen ion and a 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate. The 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate can interact with either farnesylfarnesylgeranyl-PP or octaprenyl diphosphate and a hydrogen ion through a 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate octaprenyltransferase resulting in a release of a carbon dioxide, a pyrophosphate and a demethylmenaquinol-8. This compound then interacts with SAM through a bifunctional 2-octaprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone methylase and S-adenosylmethionine:2-DMK methyltransferase resulting in a hydrogen ion, a s-adenosyl-L-homocysteine and a menaquinol. PW001897 Metabolic NAD biosynthesis Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) can be biosynthesized from L-aspartic acid.This amino acid reacts with oxygen through an L-aspartate oxidase resulting in a hydrogen ion, hydrogen peroxide and an iminoaspartic acid. The latter compound interacts with dihydroxyacetone phosphate through a quinolinate synthase A, resulting in a phosphate, water, and a quinolic acid. Quinolic acid interacts with phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate and hydrogen ion through a quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase resulting in pyrophosphate, carbon dioxide and nicotinate beta-D-ribonucleotide. This last compound is adenylated through an ATP driven nicotinate-mononucleotide adenylyltransferase releasing a pyrophosphate and resulting in a nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide. Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide is processed through an NAD synthetase, NH3-dependent in two different manners. In the first case, Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide interacts with ATP, L-glutamine and water through the enzyme and results in hydrogen ion, AMP, pyrophosphate, L-glutamic acid and NAD. In the second case, Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide interacts with ATP and ammonium through the enzyme resulting in a pyrophosphate, AMP, hydrogen ion and NAD. NAD then proceeds to regulate its own pathway by repressing L-aspartate oxidase. As a general rule, most prokaryotes utilize the aspartate de novo pathway, in which the nicotinate moiety of NAD is synthesized from aspartate , while in eukaryotes, the de novo pathway starts with tryptophan. PW000829 Metabolic NAD salvage Even though NAD molecules are not consumed during oxidation reactions, they have a relatively short half-life. For example, in E. coli the NAD+ half-life is 90 minutes. Once enzymatically degraded, the pyrimidine moiety of the molecule can be recouped via the NAD salvage cycles. This pathway is used for two purposes: it recycles the internally degraded NAD products nicotinamide D-ribonucleotide (also known as nicotinamide mononucleotide, or NMN) and nicotinamide, and it is used for the assimilation of exogenous NAD+. NAD reacts spontaneously with water resulting in the release of hydrogen ion, AMP and beta-nicotinamide D-ribonucleotide. This enzyme can either interact spontaneously with water resulting in the release of D-ribofuranose 5-phosphate, hydrogen ion and Nacinamide. On the other hand beta-nicotinamide D-ribonucleotide can also react with water through NMN amidohydrolase resulting in ammonium, and Nicotinate beta-D-ribonucleotide. Also it can interact with water spontaneously resulting in the release of phosphate resulting in a Nicotinamide riboside. Niacinamide interacts with water through a nicotinamidase resulting in a release of ammonium and nicotinic acid. This compound interacts with water and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate through an ATP driven nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase resulting in the release of ADP, pyrophosphate and phosphate and nicotinate beta-D-ribonucleotide. Nicotinamide riboside interacts with an ATP driven NadR DNA-binding transcriptional repressor and NMN adenylyltransferase (Escherichia coli) resulting in a ADP, hydrogen ion and beta-nicotinamide D-ribonucleotide. This compound interacts with ATP and hydrogen ion through NadR DNA-binding transcriptional repressor and NMN adenylyltransferase resulting in pyrophosphate and NAD. Nicotinate beta-D-ribonucleotide is adenylated through the interaction with ATP and a hydrogen ion through a nicotinate-mononucleotide adenylyltransferase resulting in pyrophosphate and Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide. Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide interacts with L-glutamine and water through an ATP driven NAD synthetase, NH3-dependent resulting in AMP, pyrophosphate, hydrogen ion, L-glutamic acid and NAD. PW000830 Metabolic PRPP Biosynthesis The biosynthesis of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate begins with a product of the pentose phosphate, D-ribose 5-phosphate interact with a phosphopentomutase resulting in a Ribose 1-phosphate or it can be phosphorylated through an ATP driven ribose-phosphate diphosphokinase resulting in a release of a hydrogen ion, an AMP and a phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate. The latter compound is then involved in the purine nucleotides de novo biosynthesis pathway. Ribose 1-phosphate can interact spontaneously with ATP resulting in a release of hydrogen ion, ADP and a ribose 1,5-biphosphate. The latter compound is then phosphorylated through a ribose 1,5-bisphosphokinase resulting in the release of ADP and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate. The latter compound is then involved in the purine nucleotides de novo biosynthesis pathway. PW000909 Metabolic Porphyrin metabolism The metabolism of porphyrin begins with with glutamic acid being processed by an ATP-driven glutamyl-tRNA synthetase by interacting with hydrogen ion and tRNA(Glu), resulting in amo, pyrophosphate and L-glutamyl-tRNA(Glu) Glutamic acid. Glutamic acid can be obtained as a result of L-glutamate metabolism pathway, glutamate / aspartate : H+ symporter GltP, glutamate:sodium symporter or a glutamate / aspartate ABC transporter . L-glutamyl-tRNA(Glu) Glutamic acid interacts with a NADPH glutamyl-tRNA reductase resulting in a NADP, a tRNA(Glu) and a (S)-4-amino-5-oxopentanoate. This compound interacts with a glutamate-1-semialdehyde aminotransferase resulting a 5-aminolevulinic acid. This compound interacts with a porphobilinogen synthase resulting in a hydrogen ion, water and porphobilinogen. The latter compound interacts with water resulting in hydroxymethylbilane synthase resulting in ammonium, and hydroxymethylbilane. Hydroxymethylbilane can either be dehydrated to produce uroporphyrinogen I or interact with a uroporphyrinogen III synthase resulting in a water molecule and a uroporphyrinogen III. Uroporphyrinogen I interacts with hydrogen ion through a uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase resulting in a carbon dioxide and a coproporphyrinogen I Uroporphyrinogen III can be metabolized into precorrin by interacting with a S-adenosylmethionine through a siroheme synthase resulting in hydrogen ion, an s-adenosylhomocysteine and a precorrin-1. On the other hand, Uroporphyrinogen III interacts with hydrogen ion through a uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase resulting in a carbon dioxide and a Coproporphyrinogen III. Precorrin-1 reacts with a S-adenosylmethionine through a siroheme synthase resulting in a S-adenosylhomocysteine and a Precorrin-2. The latter compound is processed by a NAD dependent uroporphyrin III C-methyltransferase [multifunctional] resulting in a NADH and a sirohydrochlorin. This compound then interacts with Fe 2+ uroporphyrin III C-methyltransferase [multifunctional] resulting in a hydrogen ion and a siroheme. The siroheme is then processed in sulfur metabolism pathway. Uroporphyrinogen III can be processed in anaerobic or aerobic condition. Anaerobic: Uroporphyrinogen III interacts with an oxygen molecule, a hydrogen ion through a coproporphyrinogen III oxidase resulting in water, carbon dioxide and protoporphyrinogen IX. The latter compound then interacts with an 3 oxygen molecule through a protoporphyrinogen oxidase resulting in 3 hydrogen peroxide and a Protoporphyrin IX Aerobic: Uroporphyrinogen III reacts with S-adenosylmethionine through a coproporphyrinogen III dehydrogenase resulting in carbon dioxide, 5-deoxyadenosine, L-methionine and protoporphyrinogen IX. The latter compound interacts with a meanquinone through a protoporphyrinogen oxidase resulting in protoporphyrin IX. The protoporphyrin IX interacts with Fe 2+ through a ferrochelatase resulting in a hydrogen ion and a ferroheme b. The ferroheme b can either be incorporated into the oxidative phosphorylation as a cofactor of the enzymes involved in that pathway or it can interact with hydrogen peroxide through a catalase HPII resulting in a heme D. Heme D can then be incorporated into the oxidative phosphyrlation pathway as a cofactor of the enzymes involved in that pathway. Ferroheme b can also interact with water and a farnesyl pyrophosphate through a heme O synthase resulting in a release of pyrophosphate and heme O. Heme O is then incorporated into the Oxidative phosphorylation pathway. PW000936 Metabolic Selenium metabolism The selenium metabolism begins with the introduction of selenate and selenite to the cytosol through a sulphate permease system. Once in the cell, selenate can be reduced to selenite through nitrate reductases A and Z. Selenite then interacts with glutathione and 2 hydrogen ions resulting in the release of 2 water molecules, a hydroxide molecule, a glutathione disulfide and a selenodiglutathione. The latter compound then reacts with NADPH+H resulting in the release of a NADP, a glutathione and a glutathioselenol. Glutathiolselenol can then be oxidize resulting in a a glutathiolselenol ion which can then interact with a water molecule resulting in a release of glutathion and selenium Glutathiolselenol can also react with NADPH and hydrogen ion resulting in a release of glutathione, NADP, a hydroxide molecule and a hydrogen selenide. This compound can react in a reversible reaction by being oxidized resulting in a hydrogen selenide ion . This compound can then be phosphorylated by interacting with an ATP and releasing a AMP, a phosphate and a selenophosphate. PW001894 Metabolic arginine metabolism The metabolism of L-arginine starts with the acetylation of L-glutamic acid resulting in a N-acetylglutamic acid while releasing a coenzyme A and a hydrogen ion. N-acetylglutamic acid is then phosphorylated via an ATP driven acetylglutamate kinase which yields a N-acetyl-L-glutamyl 5-phosphate. This compound undergoes a NDPH dependent reduction resulting in N-acetyl-L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde. This compound reacts with L-glutamic acid through a acetylornithine aminotransferase / N-succinyldiaminopimelate aminotransferase to produce a N-acetylornithine which is then deacetylated through a acetylornithine deacetylase which yield an ornithine. L-glutamine is used to synthesize carbamoyl phosphate through the interaction of L-glutamine, water, ATP, and hydrogen carbonate. This reaction yields ADP, L-glutamic acid, phosphate, and hydrogen ion. Carbamoyl phosphate and ornithine are used to catalyze the production of citrulline through an ornithine carbamoyltransferase. Citrulline reacts with L-aspartic acid through an ATP dependent enzyme, argininosuccinate synthase to produce pyrophosphate, AMP and argininosuccinic acid. Argininosussinic acid is then lyase to produce L-arginine and fumaric acid. L-arginine can be metabolized into succinic acid by two different sets of reactions: 1. Arginine reacts with succinyl-CoA through a arginine N-succinyltransferase resulting in N2-succinyl-L-arginine while releasing CoA and Hydrogen Ion. N2-succinyl-L-arginine is then dihydrolase to produce a N2-succinyl-L-ornithine through a N-succinylarginine dihydrolase. This compound in turn reacts with oxoglutaric acid through succinylornithine transaminase resulting in L-glutamic acid and N2-succinyl-L-glutamic acid 5-semialdehyde. This compoud in turn reacts with a NAD dependent dehydrogenase resulting in N2-succinylglutamate while releasing NADH and hydrogen ion. N2-succinylglutamate reacts with water through a succinylglutamate desuccinylase resulting in L-glutamic acid and a succinic acid. The succinic acid is then incorporated in the TCA cycle 2.Argine reacts with carbon dioxide and a hydrogen ion through a biodegradative arginine decarboxylase, resulting in Agmatine. This compound is then transformed into putrescine by reacting with water and an agmatinase, and releasing urea. Putrescine can be metabolized by reaction with either l-glutamic acid or oxoglutaric acid. If putrescine reacts with L-glutamic acid, it reacts through an ATP mediated gamma-glutamylputrescine producing a hydrogen ion, ADP, phosphate and gamma-glutamyl-L-putrescine. This compound is reduced by interacting with oxygen, water and a gamma-glutamylputrescine oxidoreductase resulting in ammonium, hydrogen peroxide and 4-gamma-glutamylamino butanal. This compound is dehydrogenated through a NADP mediated reaction lead by gamma-glutamyl-gamma-aminobutaryaldehyde dehydrogenase resulting in hydrogen ion, NADPH and 4-glutamylamino butanoate. In turn, the latter compound reacts with water through a gamma-glutamyl-gamma-aminobutyrate hydrolase resulting in L-glutamic acid and Gamma aminobutyric acid. On the other hand, if putrescine reacts with oxoglutaric acid through a putrescine aminotransferase, it results in L-glutamic acid, and a 4-aminobutyraldehyde. This compound reacts with water through a NAD dependent gamma aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase resulting in hydrogen ion, NADH and gamma-aminobutyric acid. Gamma Aaminobutyric acid reacts with oxoglutaric acid through 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase resulting in L-glutamic acid and succinic acid semialdehyde. This compound in turn can react with with either NADP or NAD to result in the production of succinic acid through succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase or aldehyde dehydrogenase-like protein yneI respectively. Succinic acid can then be integrated in the TCA cycle. L-arginine is eventua lly metabolized into succinic acid which then goes to the TCA cycle PW000790 Metabolic fatty acid oxidation Although enzymes of the pathway handle both short and long chain fatty acids, it is the long chain compounds that induce the enzymes of the pathway . Each turn of the cycle removes two carbon atoms until only two or three remain. When even-numbered fatty acids are broken down, a two-carbon compound remains, acetyl-CoA. When odd number fatty acids are broken down, a three-carbon residue results, propionylCoA. Unsaturated fatty acids, with cis double bonds located at odd-numbered carbon atoms, enter the main pathway of saturated fatty acid degradation by converting related metabolites of cis configuration and D stereoisomers, derived from breakdown of unsaturated fatty acids, to the trans- or L isomers of saturated fatty acid breakdown by an isomerase and an epimerase, respectively. When cis double bonds are located at even-numbered carbon atoms, such as linoleic acid (cis,cis(9,12)-octadecadienoic acid), after the fatty acid is degraded to the ten carbon stage an extra step is required to deal with the resulting compound, trans,δ(2)-cis,δ(4)decadienoyl-CoA. The enzyme 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase, converts this to trans,δ(2)decenoyl-CoA which enters the normal cycle at the point of the isomerase. The order of the reaction is as follows: a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acid is transformed into a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA through a Long and short chain fatty acid CoA ligase. The 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA is then transformed into a trans 2 enoyl CoA. This enoyl can also be produced from a cis 3 enoyl CoA through a fatty acid oxidation protein complex. The trans 2 enoyl is transformed into a 3s 3 hydroxyacyl CoA through a 2,3 dehydroadipyl CoA hydratase. This same enzyme turns the product into a 3-oxoacyl-CoA. This is followed by the last step in the reaction when the oxoacyl-coa is turn into an acetyl coa+ a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA through a 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase PW000758 Metabolic fatty acid oxidation (Decanoate) Although enzymes of the pathway handle both short and long chain fatty acids, it is the long chain compounds that induce the enzymes of the pathway . Each turn of the cycle removes two carbon atoms until only two or three remain. When even-numbered fatty acids are broken down, a two-carbon compound remains, acetyl-CoA. When odd number fatty acids are broken down, a three-carbon residue results, propionylCoA. Unsaturated fatty acids, with cis double bonds located at odd-numbered carbon atoms, enter the main pathway of saturated fatty acid degradation by converting related metabolites of cis configuration and D stereoisomers, derived from breakdown of unsaturated fatty acids, to the trans- or L isomers of saturated fatty acid breakdown by an isomerase and an epimerase, respectively. When cis double bonds are located at even-numbered carbon atoms, such as linoleic acid (cis,cis(9,12)-octadecadienoic acid), after the fatty acid is degraded to the ten carbon stage an extra step is required to deal with the resulting compound, trans,δ(2)-cis,δ(4)decadienoyl-CoA. The enzyme 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase, converts this to trans,δ(2)decenoyl-CoA which enters the normal cycle at the point of the isomerase. The order of the reaction is as follows: a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acid is transformed into a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA through a Long and short chain fatty acid CoA ligase. The 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA is then transformed into a trans 2 enoyl CoA. This enoyl can also be produced from a cis 3 enoyl CoA through a fatty acid oxidation protein complex. The trans 2 enoyl is transformed into a 3s 3 hydroxyacyl CoA through a 2,3 dehydroadipyl CoA hydratase. This same enzyme turns the product into a 3-oxoacyl-CoA. This is followed by the last step in the reaction when the oxoacyl-coa is turn into an acetyl coa+ a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA through a 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase PW001018 Metabolic fatty acid oxidation (hexanoate) Although enzymes of the pathway handle both short and long chain fatty acids, it is the long chain compounds that induce the enzymes of the pathway . Each turn of the cycle removes two carbon atoms until only two or three remain. When even-numbered fatty acids are broken down, a two-carbon compound remains, acetyl-CoA. When odd number fatty acids are broken down, a three-carbon residue results, propionylCoA. Unsaturated fatty acids, with cis double bonds located at odd-numbered carbon atoms, enter the main pathway of saturated fatty acid degradation by converting related metabolites of cis configuration and D stereoisomers, derived from breakdown of unsaturated fatty acids, to the trans- or L isomers of saturated fatty acid breakdown by an isomerase and an epimerase, respectively. When cis double bonds are located at even-numbered carbon atoms, such as linoleic acid (cis,cis(9,12)-octadecadienoic acid), after the fatty acid is degraded to the ten carbon stage an extra step is required to deal with the resulting compound, trans,δ(2)-cis,δ(4)decadienoyl-CoA. The enzyme 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase, converts this to trans,δ(2)decenoyl-CoA which enters the normal cycle at the point of the isomerase. The order of the reaction is as follows: a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acid is transformed into a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA through a Long and short chain fatty acid CoA ligase. The 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA is then transformed into a trans 2 enoyl CoA. This enoyl can also be produced from a cis 3 enoyl CoA through a fatty acid oxidation protein complex. The trans 2 enoyl is transformed into a 3s 3 hydroxyacyl CoA through a 2,3 dehydroadipyl CoA hydratase. This same enzyme turns the product into a 3-oxoacyl-CoA. This is followed by the last step in the reaction when the oxoacyl-coa is turn into an acetyl coa+ a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA through a 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase PW001019 Metabolic fatty acid oxidation (laurate) Although enzymes of the pathway handle both short and long chain fatty acids, it is the long chain compounds that induce the enzymes of the pathway . Each turn of the cycle removes two carbon atoms until only two or three remain. When even-numbered fatty acids are broken down, a two-carbon compound remains, acetyl-CoA. When odd number fatty acids are broken down, a three-carbon residue results, propionylCoA. Unsaturated fatty acids, with cis double bonds located at odd-numbered carbon atoms, enter the main pathway of saturated fatty acid degradation by converting related metabolites of cis configuration and D stereoisomers, derived from breakdown of unsaturated fatty acids, to the trans- or L isomers of saturated fatty acid breakdown by an isomerase and an epimerase, respectively. When cis double bonds are located at even-numbered carbon atoms, such as linoleic acid (cis,cis(9,12)-octadecadienoic acid), after the fatty acid is degraded to the ten carbon stage an extra step is required to deal with the resulting compound, trans,δ(2)-cis,δ(4)decadienoyl-CoA. The enzyme 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase, converts this to trans,δ(2)decenoyl-CoA which enters the normal cycle at the point of the isomerase. The order of the reaction is as follows: a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acid is transformed into a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA through a Long and short chain fatty acid CoA ligase. The 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA is then transformed into a trans 2 enoyl CoA. This enoyl can also be produced from a cis 3 enoyl CoA through a fatty acid oxidation protein complex. The trans 2 enoyl is transformed into a 3s 3 hydroxyacyl CoA through a 2,3 dehydroadipyl CoA hydratase. This same enzyme turns the product into a 3-oxoacyl-CoA. This is followed by the last step in the reaction when the oxoacyl-coa is turn into an acetyl coa+ a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA through a 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase PW001020 Metabolic fatty acid oxidation (myristate) Although enzymes of the pathway handle both short and long chain fatty acids, it is the long chain compounds that induce the enzymes of the pathway . Each turn of the cycle removes two carbon atoms until only two or three remain. When even-numbered fatty acids are broken down, a two-carbon compound remains, acetyl-CoA. When odd number fatty acids are broken down, a three-carbon residue results, propionylCoA. Unsaturated fatty acids, with cis double bonds located at odd-numbered carbon atoms, enter the main pathway of saturated fatty acid degradation by converting related metabolites of cis configuration and D stereoisomers, derived from breakdown of unsaturated fatty acids, to the trans- or L isomers of saturated fatty acid breakdown by an isomerase and an epimerase, respectively. When cis double bonds are located at even-numbered carbon atoms, such as linoleic acid (cis,cis(9,12)-octadecadienoic acid), after the fatty acid is degraded to the ten carbon stage an extra step is required to deal with the resulting compound, trans,δ(2)-cis,δ(4)decadienoyl-CoA. The enzyme 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase, converts this to trans,δ(2)decenoyl-CoA which enters the normal cycle at the point of the isomerase. The order of the reaction is as follows: a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acid is transformed into a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA through a Long and short chain fatty acid CoA ligase. The 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA is then transformed into a trans 2 enoyl CoA. This enoyl can also be produced from a cis 3 enoyl CoA through a fatty acid oxidation protein complex. The trans 2 enoyl is transformed into a 3s 3 hydroxyacyl CoA through a 2,3 dehydroadipyl CoA hydratase. This same enzyme turns the product into a 3-oxoacyl-CoA. This is followed by the last step in the reaction when the oxoacyl-coa is turn into an acetyl coa+ a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA through a 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase PW001021 Metabolic fatty acid oxidation (octanoate) Although enzymes of the pathway handle both short and long chain fatty acids, it is the long chain compounds that induce the enzymes of the pathway . Each turn of the cycle removes two carbon atoms until only two or three remain. When even-numbered fatty acids are broken down, a two-carbon compound remains, acetyl-CoA. When odd number fatty acids are broken down, a three-carbon residue results, propionylCoA. Unsaturated fatty acids, with cis double bonds located at odd-numbered carbon atoms, enter the main pathway of saturated fatty acid degradation by converting related metabolites of cis configuration and D stereoisomers, derived from breakdown of unsaturated fatty acids, to the trans- or L isomers of saturated fatty acid breakdown by an isomerase and an epimerase, respectively. When cis double bonds are located at even-numbered carbon atoms, such as linoleic acid (cis,cis(9,12)-octadecadienoic acid), after the fatty acid is degraded to the ten carbon stage an extra step is required to deal with the resulting compound, trans,δ(2)-cis,δ(4)decadienoyl-CoA. The enzyme 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase, converts this to trans,δ(2)decenoyl-CoA which enters the normal cycle at the point of the isomerase. The order of the reaction is as follows: a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acid is transformed into a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA through a Long and short chain fatty acid CoA ligase. The 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA is then transformed into a trans 2 enoyl CoA. This enoyl can also be produced from a cis 3 enoyl CoA through a fatty acid oxidation protein complex. The trans 2 enoyl is transformed into a 3s 3 hydroxyacyl CoA through a 2,3 dehydroadipyl CoA hydratase. This same enzyme turns the product into a 3-oxoacyl-CoA. This is followed by the last step in the reaction when the oxoacyl-coa is turn into an acetyl coa+ a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA through a 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase PW001022 Metabolic fatty acid oxidation (palmitate) Although enzymes of the pathway handle both short and long chain fatty acids, it is the long chain compounds that induce the enzymes of the pathway . Each turn of the cycle removes two carbon atoms until only two or three remain. When even-numbered fatty acids are broken down, a two-carbon compound remains, acetyl-CoA. When odd number fatty acids are broken down, a three-carbon residue results, propionylCoA. Unsaturated fatty acids, with cis double bonds located at odd-numbered carbon atoms, enter the main pathway of saturated fatty acid degradation by converting related metabolites of cis configuration and D stereoisomers, derived from breakdown of unsaturated fatty acids, to the trans- or L isomers of saturated fatty acid breakdown by an isomerase and an epimerase, respectively. When cis double bonds are located at even-numbered carbon atoms, such as linoleic acid (cis,cis(9,12)-octadecadienoic acid), after the fatty acid is degraded to the ten carbon stage an extra step is required to deal with the resulting compound, trans,δ(2)-cis,δ(4)decadienoyl-CoA. The enzyme 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase, converts this to trans,δ(2)decenoyl-CoA which enters the normal cycle at the point of the isomerase. The order of the reaction is as follows: a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acid is transformed into a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA through a Long and short chain fatty acid CoA ligase. The 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA is then transformed into a trans 2 enoyl CoA. This enoyl can also be produced from a cis 3 enoyl CoA through a fatty acid oxidation protein complex. The trans 2 enoyl is transformed into a 3s 3 hydroxyacyl CoA through a 2,3 dehydroadipyl CoA hydratase. This same enzyme turns the product into a 3-oxoacyl-CoA. This is followed by the last step in the reaction when the oxoacyl-coa is turn into an acetyl coa+ a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA through a 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase PW001023 Metabolic fatty acid oxidation (steareate) Although enzymes of the pathway handle both short and long chain fatty acids, it is the long chain compounds that induce the enzymes of the pathway . Each turn of the cycle removes two carbon atoms until only two or three remain. When even-numbered fatty acids are broken down, a two-carbon compound remains, acetyl-CoA. When odd number fatty acids are broken down, a three-carbon residue results, propionylCoA. Unsaturated fatty acids, with cis double bonds located at odd-numbered carbon atoms, enter the main pathway of saturated fatty acid degradation by converting related metabolites of cis configuration and D stereoisomers, derived from breakdown of unsaturated fatty acids, to the trans- or L isomers of saturated fatty acid breakdown by an isomerase and an epimerase, respectively. When cis double bonds are located at even-numbered carbon atoms, such as linoleic acid (cis,cis(9,12)-octadecadienoic acid), after the fatty acid is degraded to the ten carbon stage an extra step is required to deal with the resulting compound, trans,δ(2)-cis,δ(4)decadienoyl-CoA. The enzyme 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase, converts this to trans,δ(2)decenoyl-CoA which enters the normal cycle at the point of the isomerase. The order of the reaction is as follows: a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acid is transformed into a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA through a Long and short chain fatty acid CoA ligase. The 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA is then transformed into a trans 2 enoyl CoA. This enoyl can also be produced from a cis 3 enoyl CoA through a fatty acid oxidation protein complex. The trans 2 enoyl is transformed into a 3s 3 hydroxyacyl CoA through a 2,3 dehydroadipyl CoA hydratase. This same enzyme turns the product into a 3-oxoacyl-CoA. This is followed by the last step in the reaction when the oxoacyl-coa is turn into an acetyl coa+ a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA through a 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase PW001024 Metabolic fructose metabolism Fructose metabolism begins with the transport of Beta-D-fructofuranose through a fructose PTS permease, resulting in a Beta-D-fructofuranose 1-phosphate. This compound is phosphorylated by an ATP driven 1-phosphofructokinase resulting in a fructose 1,6-biphosphate. This compound can either react with a fructose bisphosphate aldolase class 1 resulting in D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and a dihydroxyacetone phosphate or through a fructose biphosphate aldolase class 2 resulting in a D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. This compound can then either react in a reversible triosephosphate isomerase resulting in a dihydroxyacetone phosphate or react with a phosphate through a NAD dependent Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase resulting in a glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate. This compound is desphosphorylated by a phosphoglycerate kinase resulting in a 3-phosphoglyceric acid.This compound in turn can either react with a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase or a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase resulting in a 2-phospho-D-glyceric acid. This compound interacts with an enolase resulting in a phosphoenolpyruvic acid and water. Phosphoenolpyruvic acid can react either through a AMP driven phosphoenoylpyruvate synthase or a ADP driven pyruvate kinase protein complex resulting in a pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid reacts with CoA through a NAD driven pyruvate dehydrogenase complex resulting in a carbon dioxide and a Acetyl-CoA which gets incorporated into the TCA cycle pathway. PW000913 Metabolic glycerol metabolism Glycerol metabolism starts with glycerol is introduced into the cytoplasm through a glycerol channel GlpF Glycerol is then phosphorylated through an ATP mediated glycerol kinase resulting in a Glycerol 3-phosphate. This compound can also be obtained through a glycerophosphodiester reacting with water through a glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase or it can also be introduced into the cytoplasm through a glycerol-3-phosphate:phosphate antiporter. Glycerol 3-phosphate is then metabolized into a dihydroxyacetone phosphate in both aerobic or anaerobic conditions. In anaerobic conditions the metabolism is done through the reaction of glycerol 3-phosphate with a menaquinone mediated by a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase protein complex. In aerobic conditions, the metabolism is done through the reaction of glycerol 3-phosphate with ubiquinone mediated by a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD(P]+]. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is then introduced into the fructose metabolism by turning a dihydroxyacetone into an isomer through a triosephosphate isomerase resulting in a D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate which in turn reacts with a phosphate through a NAD dependent Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase resulting in a glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate. This compound is desphosphorylated by a phosphoglycerate kinase resulting in a 3-phosphoglyceric acid.This compound in turn can either react with a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase or a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase resulting in a 2-phospho-D-glyceric acid. This compound interacts with an enolase resulting in a phosphoenolpyruvic acid and water. Phosphoenolpyruvic acid can react either through a AMP driven phosphoenoylpyruvate synthase or a ADP driven pyruvate kinase protein complex resulting in a pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid reacts with CoA through a NAD driven pyruvate dehydrogenase complex resulting in a carbon dioxide and a Acetyl-CoA which gets incorporated into the TCA cycle pathway. PW000914 Metabolic glycerol metabolism II Glycerol metabolism starts with glycerol is introduced into the cytoplasm through a glycerol channel GlpF Glycerol is then phosphorylated through an ATP mediated glycerol kinase resulting in a Glycerol 3-phosphate. This compound can also be obtained through sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine reacting with water through a glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase producing a benzyl alcohol, a hydrogen ion and a glycerol 3-phosphate or the campound can be introduced into the cytoplasm through a glycerol-3-phosphate:phosphate antiporter. Glycerol 3-phosphate is then metabolized into a dihydroxyacetone phosphate in both aerobic or anaerobic conditions. In anaerobic conditions the metabolism is done through the reaction of glycerol 3-phosphate with a menaquinone mediated by a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase protein complex. In aerobic conditions, the metabolism is done through the reaction of glycerol 3-phosphate with ubiquinone mediated by a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD(P]+]. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is then introduced into the fructose metabolism by turning a dihydroxyacetone into an isomer through a triosephosphate isomerase resulting in a D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate which in turn reacts with a phosphate through a NAD dependent Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase resulting in a glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate. This compound is desphosphorylated by a phosphoglycerate kinase resulting in a 3-phosphoglyceric acid.This compound in turn can either react with a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase or a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase resulting in a 2-phospho-D-glyceric acid. This compound interacts with an enolase resulting in a phosphoenolpyruvic acid and water. Phosphoenolpyruvic acid can react either through a AMP driven phosphoenoylpyruvate synthase or a ADP driven pyruvate kinase protein complex resulting in a pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid reacts with CoA through a NAD driven pyruvate dehydrogenase complex resulting in a carbon dioxide and a Acetyl-CoA which gets incorporated into the TCA cycle pathway. PW000915 Metabolic glycerol metabolism III (sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine) Glycerol metabolism starts with glycerol is introduced into the cytoplasm through a glycerol channel GlpF Glycerol is then phosphorylated through an ATP mediated glycerol kinase resulting in a Glycerol 3-phosphate. This compound can also be obtained through sn-glycero-3-phosphethanolamine reacting with water through a glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase producing a benzyl alcohol, a hydrogen ion and a glycerol 3-phosphate or the campound can be introduced into the cytoplasm through a glycerol-3-phosphate:phosphate antiporter. Glycerol 3-phosphate is then metabolized into a dihydroxyacetone phosphate in both aerobic or anaerobic conditions. In anaerobic conditions the metabolism is done through the reaction of glycerol 3-phosphate with a menaquinone mediated by a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase protein complex. In aerobic conditions, the metabolism is done through the reaction of glycerol 3-phosphate with ubiquinone mediated by a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD(P]+]. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is then introduced into the fructose metabolism by turning a dihydroxyacetone into an isomer through a triosephosphate isomerase resulting in a D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate which in turn reacts with a phosphate through a NAD dependent Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase resulting in a glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate. This compound is desphosphorylated by a phosphoglycerate kinase resulting in a 3-phosphoglyceric acid.This compound in turn can either react with a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase or a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase resulting in a 2-phospho-D-glyceric acid. This compound interacts with an enolase resulting in a phosphoenolpyruvic acid and water. Phosphoenolpyruvic acid can react either through a AMP driven phosphoenoylpyruvate synthase or a ADP driven pyruvate kinase protein complex resulting in a pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid reacts with CoA through a NAD driven pyruvate dehydrogenase complex resulting in a carbon dioxide and a Acetyl-CoA which gets incorporated into the TCA cycle pathway. PW000916 Metabolic glycerol metabolism IV (glycerophosphoglycerol) Glycerol metabolism starts with glycerol is introduced into the cytoplasm through a glycerol channel GlpF Glycerol is then phosphorylated through an ATP mediated glycerol kinase resulting in a Glycerol 3-phosphate. This compound can also be obtained through glycerophosphoglycerol reacting with water through a glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase producing a benzyl alcohol, a hydrogen ion and a glycerol 3-phosphate or the campound can be introduced into the cytoplasm through a glycerol-3-phosphate:phosphate antiporter. Glycerol 3-phosphate is then metabolized into a dihydroxyacetone phosphate in both aerobic or anaerobic conditions. In anaerobic conditions the metabolism is done through the reaction of glycerol 3-phosphate with a menaquinone mediated by a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase protein complex. In aerobic conditions, the metabolism is done through the reaction of glycerol 3-phosphate with ubiquinone mediated by a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD(P]+]. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is then introduced into the fructose metabolism by turning a dihydroxyacetone into an isomer through a triosephosphate isomerase resulting in a D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate which in turn reacts with a phosphate through a NAD dependent Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase resulting in a glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate. This compound is desphosphorylated by a phosphoglycerate kinase resulting in a 3-phosphoglyceric acid.This compound in turn can either react with a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase or a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase resulting in a 2-phospho-D-glyceric acid. This compound interacts with an enolase resulting in a phosphoenolpyruvic acid and water. Phosphoenolpyruvic acid can react either through a AMP driven phosphoenoylpyruvate synthase or a ADP driven pyruvate kinase protein complex resulting in a pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid reacts with CoA through a NAD driven pyruvate dehydrogenase complex resulting in a carbon dioxide and a Acetyl-CoA which gets incorporated into the TCA cycle pathway. PW000917 Metabolic glycerol metabolism V (glycerophosphoserine) Glycerol metabolism starts with glycerol is introduced into the cytoplasm through a glycerol channel GlpF Glycerol is then phosphorylated through an ATP mediated glycerol kinase resulting in a Glycerol 3-phosphate. This compound can also be obtained through glycerophosphoserine reacting with water through a glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase producing a benzyl alcohol, a hydrogen ion and a glycerol 3-phosphate or the campound can be introduced into the cytoplasm through a glycerol-3-phosphate:phosphate antiporter. Glycerol 3-phosphate is then metabolized into a dihydroxyacetone phosphate in both aerobic or anaerobic conditions. In anaerobic conditions the metabolism is done through the reaction of glycerol 3-phosphate with a menaquinone mediated by a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase protein complex. In aerobic conditions, the metabolism is done through the reaction of glycerol 3-phosphate with ubiquinone mediated by a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD(P]+]. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is then introduced into the fructose metabolism by turning a dihydroxyacetone into an isomer through a triosephosphate isomerase resulting in a D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate which in turn reacts with a phosphate through a NAD dependent Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase resulting in a glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate. This compound is desphosphorylated by a phosphoglycerate kinase resulting in a 3-phosphoglyceric acid.This compound in turn can either react with a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase or a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase resulting in a 2-phospho-D-glyceric acid. This compound interacts with an enolase resulting in a phosphoenolpyruvic acid and water. Phosphoenolpyruvic acid can react either through a AMP driven phosphoenoylpyruvate synthase or a ADP driven pyruvate kinase protein complex resulting in a pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid reacts with CoA through a NAD driven pyruvate dehydrogenase complex resulting in a carbon dioxide and a Acetyl-CoA which gets incorporated into the TCA cycle pathway. PW000918 Metabolic glycolysis and pyruvate dehydrogenase Fructose metabolism begins with the transport of Beta-D-glucose 6-phosphate through a glucose PTS permease, resulting in a Beta-D-glucose 6-phosphate. This compound is isomerized by a glucose-6-phosphate isomerase resulting in a fructose 6-phosphate. This compound can be phosphorylated by two different enzymes, a pyridoxal phosphatase/fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase or a ATP driven-6-phosphofructokinase-1 resulting in a fructose 1,6-biphosphate. This compound can either react with a fructose bisphosphate aldolase class 1 resulting in D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and a dihydroxyacetone phosphate or through a fructose biphosphate aldolase class 2 resulting in a D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. This compound can then either react in a reversible triosephosphate isomerase resulting in a dihydroxyacetone phosphate or react with a phosphate through a NAD dependent Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase resulting in a glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate. This compound is desphosphorylated by a phosphoglycerate kinase resulting in a 3-phosphoglyceric acid.This compound in turn can either react with a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase or a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase resulting in a 2-phospho-D-glyceric acid. This compound interacts with an enolase resulting in a phosphoenolpyruvic acid and water. Phosphoenolpyruvic acid can react either through a AMP driven phosphoenoylpyruvate synthase or a ADP driven pyruvate kinase protein complex resulting in a pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid reacts with CoA through a NAD driven pyruvate dehydrogenase complex resulting in a carbon dioxide and a Acetyl-CoA which gets incorporated into the TCA cycle pathway. PW000785 Metabolic purine nucleotides de novo biosynthesis The biosynthesis of purine nucleotides is a complex process that begins with a phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate. This compound interacts with water and L-glutamine through a amidophosphoribosyl transferase resulting in a pyrophosphate, L-glutamic acid and a 5-phosphoribosylamine. The latter compound proceeds to interact with a glycine through an ATP driven phosphoribosylamine-glycine ligase resulting in the addition of glycine to the compound. This reaction releases an ADP, a phosphate, a hydrogen ion and a N1-(5-phospho-β-D-ribosyl)glycinamide. The latter compound interacts with formic acid, through an ATP driven phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase 2 resulting in a phosphate, an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a 5-phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycinamide. The latter compound interacts with L-glutamine, and water through an ATP-driven phosphoribosylformylglycinamide synthetase resulting in a release of a phosphate, an ADP, a hydrogen ion, a L-glutamic acid and a 2-(formamido)-N1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)acetamidine. The latter compound interacts with an ATP driven phosphoribosylformylglycinamide cyclo-ligase resulting in a release of ADP, a phosphate, a hydrogen ion and a 5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide. The latter compound interacts with a hydrogen carbonate through an ATP driven N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase resulting in a release of a phosphate, an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide.The latter compound then interacts with a N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide mutase resulting in a 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate. This compound interacts with an L-aspartic acid through an ATP driven phosphoribosylaminoimidazole-succinocarboxamide synthase resulting in a phosphate, an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a SAICAR. SAICAR interacts with an adenylosuccinate lyase resulting in a fumaric acid and an AICAR. AICAR interacts with a formyltetrahydrofolate through a AICAR transformylase / IMP cyclohydrolase resulting in a release of a tetrahydropterol mono-l-glutamate and a FAICAR. The latter compound, FAICAR, interacts in a reversible reaction through a AICAR transformylase / IMP cyclohydrolase resulting in a release of water and Inosinic acid. Inosinic acid can be metabolized to produce dGTP and dATP three different methods each. dGTP: Inosinic acid, water and NAD are processed by IMP dehydrogenase resulting in a release of NADH, a hydrogen ion and Xanthylic acid. Xanthylic acid interacts with L-glutamine, and water through an ATP driven GMP synthetase resulting in pyrophosphate, AMP, L-glutamic acid, a hydrogen ion and Guanosine monophosphate. The latter compound is the phosphorylated by reacting with an ATP driven guanylate kinase resulting in a release of ADP and a Gaunosine diphosphate. Guanosine diphosphate can be metabolized in three different ways: 1.-Guanosine diphosphate is phosphorylated by an ATP-driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and a Guanosine triphosphate. This compound interacts with a reduced flavodoxin protein through a ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductase resulting in a oxidized flavodoxin a water moleculer and a dGTP 2.-Guanosine diphosphate interacts with a reduced NrdH glutaredoxin-like proteins through a ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase 2 resulting in the release of an oxidized NrdH glutaredoxin-like protein, a water molecule and a dGDP. The dGDP is then phosphorylated by interacting with an ATP-driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and dGTP. 3.-Guanosine diphosphate interacts with a reduced thioredoxin ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase 1 resulting in a release of a water molecule, an oxidized thioredoxin and a dGDP. The dGDP is then phosphorylated by interacting with an ATP-driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and dGTP. dATP: Inosinic acid interacts with L-aspartic acid through an GTP driven adenylosuccinate synthase results in the release of GDP, a hydrogen ion, a phosphate and N(6)-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)AMP. The latter compound is then cleaved by a adenylosuccinate lyase resulting in a fumaric acid and an Adenosine monophosphate. This compound is then phosphorylated by an adenylate kinase resulting in the release of ATP and an adenosine diphosphate. Adenosine diphosphate can be metabolized in three different ways: 1.-Adenosine diphosphate is involved in a reversible reaction by interacting with a hydrogen ion and a phosphate through a ATP synthase / thiamin triphosphate synthase resulting in a hydrogen ion, a water molecule and an Adenosine triphosphate. The adenosine triphosphate interacts with a reduced flavodoxin through a ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductase resulting in an oxidized flavodoxin, a water molecule and a dATP 2.- Adenosine diphosphate interacts with an reduced thioredoxin through a ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase 1 resulting in a release of a water molecule, a oxidized thioredoxin and a dADP. The dADP is then phosphorylated by a nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in the release of ADP and a dATP 3.- Adenosine diphosphate interacts with an reduced NrdH glutaredoxin-like protein through a ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase 2 resulting in a release of a water molecule, a oxidized glutaredoxin-like protein and a dADP. The dADP is then phosphorylated by a nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in the release of ADP and a dATP PW000910 Metabolic purine nucleotides de novo biosynthesis 1435709748 PW000960 Metabolic superpathway of D-glucarate and D-galactarate degradation Galactarate is a naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid analog of D-galactose. E. coli can use both diacid sugars galactarate and D-glucarate as the sole source of carbon for growth. The initial step in the degradation of galactarate is its dehydration to 5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucarate(2--) by galactarate dehydratase. Glucaric acid can also be dehydrated by a glucarate dehydratase resulting in water and 5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucarate(2--). The 5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucarate(2--) is then metabolized by a alpha-dehydro-beta-deoxy-D-glucarate aldolase resulting in pyruvic acid and a tartonate semialdehyde. Pyruvic acid interacts with coenzyme A through a NAD driven Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex resulting in a carbon dioxide, an NADH and an acetyl-CoA. The tartronate semialdehyde interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven tartronate semialdehyde reductase resulting in a NADP and a glyceric acid. The glyceric acid is phosphorylated by an ATP-driven glycerate kinase 2 resulting in an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a 2-phosphoglyceric acid. The latter compound is dehydrated by an enolase resulting in the release of water and a phosphoenolpyruvic acid. The phosphoenolpyruvic acid interacts with a hydrogen ion through an ADP driven pyruvate kinase resulting in an ATP and a pyruvic acid. The pyruvic acid then interacts with water and an ATP through a phosphoenolpyruvate synthetase resulting in the release of a hydrogen ion, a phosphate, an AMP and a Phosphoenolpyruvic acid. PW000795 Metabolic tRNA Charging 2 This pathway groups together all E. coli tRNA charging reactions. PW000803 Metabolic tRNA charging This pathway groups together all E. coli tRNA charging reactions. PW000799 Metabolic Phenylethylamine metabolism The process of phenylethylamine metabolism starts with 2-phenylethylamine interacting with an oxygen molecule and a water molecule in the periplasmic space through a phenylethylamine oxidase. This reaction results in the release of a hydrogen peroxide, ammonium and phenylacetaldehyde. Phenylacetaldehyde is introduced into the cytosol and degraded into phenylacetate by reaction with a phenylacetaldehyde dehydrogenase. This reaction involves phenylacetaldehyde interacting with NAD, and a water molecule and then resulting in the release of NADH, and 2 hydrogen ion. Phenylacetate is then degraded. The first step involves phenylacetate interacting with an coenzyme A and an ATP driven phenylacetate-CoA ligase resulting in the release of a AMP, a diphosphate and a phenylacetyl-CoA. This resulting compound the interacts with a hydrogen ion, NADPH, and oxygen molecule through a ring 1,2-phenylacetyl-CoA epoxidase protein complex resulting in the release of a water molecule, an NADP and a 2-(1,2-epoxy-1,2-dihydrophenyl)acetyl-CoA. This compound is then metabolized by a ring 1,2 epoxyphenylacetyl-CoA isomerase resulting in a 2-oxepin-2(3H)-ylideneacetyl-CoA. This compound is then hydrolated through a oxepin-CoA hydrolase resulting in a 3-oxo-5,6-didehydrosuberyl-CoA semialdehyde. This commpound then interacts with a water molecule and NADP driven 3-oxo-5,6-dehydrosuberyl-CoA semialadehyde dehydrogenase resulting in 2 hydrogen ions, a NADPH and a 3-oxo-5,6-didehydrosuberyl-CoA. The resulting compound interacts with a coenzyme A and a 3-oxo-5,6 dehydrosuberyl-CoA thiolase resulting in an acetyl-CoA and a 2,3-didehydroadipyl-CoA. This resulting compound is the hydrated by a 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA hydratas resulting in a 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA whuch is dehydrogenated through an NAD driven 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA dehydrogenase resulting in a NADH, a hydrogen ion and a 3-oxoadipyl-CoA. The latter compound then interacts with conezyme A through a beta-ketoadipyl-CoA thiolase resulting in an acetyl-CoA and a succinyl-CoA. The succinyl-CoA is then integrated into the TCA cycle. PW002027 Metabolic Citrate lyase activation The citrate lyase activation starts with a 3-dephospho-CoA reacting with ATP and a hydrogen ion through a triphosphoribosyl-dephospho-CoA synthase resulting in a adenine and a 2'-(5'-triphospho-alpha-D-ribosyl)-3'-dephospho-CoA. The latter compound in turn reacts with with a citrate lyase acyl-carrier protein through a apo-citrate lyase phosphoribosyl-dephospho-CoA transferase resulting in the release of a pyrophosphate and a hydrogen ion and a holo citrate lyase acyl-carrier protein.This protein complex can either react with a hydrogen ion and a acetate resulting in the release of a water and an acetyl-holo citrate lyase acyl-carrier protein. The holo acyl-carrier protein creacts with an ATP and an acetate through a citrate lyase synthase resulting in the release of an AMP, a pyrophosphate and an acetyl-holo citrate lyase acyl-ccarrier protein. The holo citrate lyase acyl-carrier protein can also interact with an S-acetyl phosphopantethiene resulting in the release of a 4-phosphopantethiene and an acetyl-holo citrate lyase acyl-carrier protein. PW002075 Metabolic D-arabinose degradation I E. coli K-12 uses the enzymes of the fucose degradation pathway for utilization of D-arabinose. Expression of the enzymes in this pathway is normally induced by L-fucose and not by D-arabinose; thus, wild-type E. coli K-12 can not use D-arabinose as a sole source of carbon and energy without prior induction by growth on L-fucose. Growth on D-arabinose requires a mutation in the transcriptional regulator FucR. D-arabinose is metabolized yielding dihydroxy-acetone phosphate, an intermediate of glycolysis, which thereby enters central metabolism, and glycolaldehyde. Glycolaldehyde may be further catabolized to glycolate. (EcoCyc) PW002038 Metabolic Enterobactin Biosynthesis Enterobactin is a catecholate siderophore produced almost exclusively by enterobacteria, although it has been reported in some Streptomyces species. It is a cyclic compound made of three units of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoylserine joined in a cyclic structure by lactone linkages (only the δ-cis isomer of the ferric chelate is biologically active). Not only the cyclic molecule, but also the biosynthetic precursor 2,3-dihydroxy-N-benzoylserine and its linear dimer and trimer condensation products are able to transport iron into enterobacteria. Enterobactin is synthesized under iron-deficient conditions and excreted into the environment where it binds Fe(III) with high affinity and specificity. The ferrisiderophore complexes are taken up into the cell by specific transport components. Enterobactin synthesis is divided into two parts: 1) the conversion of chorismate to 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate 2) the synthesis of enterobactin from 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate and L-serine. (EcoCyc) PW002048 Metabolic L-carnitine degradation I In the absence of exogenous electron acceptors like nitrate, nitrite, fumarate, dimethyl sulfoxide or trimethylamine-N-oxide, the addition of L-carnitine stimulates the anaerobic growth of E. coli. During anaerobic growth in the presence of carbon and nitrogen sources, E. coli is able to catalyze the dehydration and reduction of L-carnitine to γ-butyrobetaine via a cyclic pathway of CoA-linked intermediates. The carbon and nitrogen skeleton of carnitine is not assimilated. The carnitine pathway may play more than one role in the cell: generation of an osmoprotectant and generation of an external electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration. (EcoCyc) PW002037 Metabolic adenine and adenosine salvage III Adenosine is first incorporated into the cytosol through either a nupG or a nupC transporter. Once in the cytosol, adenosine is degraded into adenine by reacting with a water and a adenosine nucleosidase, releasing a D-ribofuranose and a adenine. The adenine then reacts with a PRPP through a adenine phosphoribosyltransferase resulting in the release of a pyrophosphate and an AMP PW002072 Metabolic biotin-carboxyl carrier protein assembly The assembly of a biotin-carboxyl carrier protein starts with a biotin carboxyl carrier protein monomer interacting with an ATP, and a biotin through a biotin -acetyl-coa-carboxylase ligase resulting in the release of a hydrogen ion, an AMP, a diphosphate and a biotynylated BCCP monomer. The latter compound reacts spontaneously to create a biotinylated BCCP dimer. This compound in turn reacts with a hydrogen carbonate and an ATP driven biotin carboxylase resulting in the release of ADP, a hydrogen Ion , a phosphate and a carboxylated biotinylated BCCP dimer. This complex can be degraded by reacting with water, an acetyl0CoA, and an ATP driven acetyl-CoA carboxyltransferase resulting in the release of a hydrogen ion, a phosphate, an ADP, a malonyl-CoA and a biotynylated BCCP dimer PW002067 Metabolic purine nucleotides de novo biosynthesis 2 The biosynthesis of purine nucleotides is a complex process that begins with a phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate. This compound interacts with water and L-glutamine through a amidophosphoribosyl transferase resulting in a pyrophosphate, L-glutamic acid and a 5-phosphoribosylamine. The latter compound proceeds to interact with a glycine through an ATP driven phosphoribosylamine-glycine ligase resulting in the addition of glycine to the compound. This reaction releases an ADP, a phosphate, a hydrogen ion and a N1-(5-phospho-β-D-ribosyl)glycinamide. The latter compound interacts with formic acid, through an ATP driven phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase 2 resulting in a phosphate, an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a 5-phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycinamide. The latter compound interacts with L-glutamine, and water through an ATP-driven phosphoribosylformylglycinamide synthetase resulting in a release of a phosphate, an ADP, a hydrogen ion, a L-glutamic acid and a 2-(formamido)-N1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)acetamidine. The latter compound interacts with an ATP driven phosphoribosylformylglycinamide cyclo-ligase resulting in a release of ADP, a phosphate, a hydrogen ion and a 5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide. The latter compound interacts with a hydrogen carbonate through an ATP driven N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase resulting in a release of a phosphate, an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide(5-Phosphoribosyl-5-carboxyaminoimidazole).The latter compound then interacts with a N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide mutase resulting in a 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate. This compound interacts with an L-aspartic acid through an ATP driven phosphoribosylaminoimidazole-succinocarboxamide synthase resulting in a phosphate, an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a SAICAR. SAICAR interacts with an adenylosuccinate lyase resulting in a fumaric acid and an AICAR. AICAR interacts with a formyltetrahydrofolate through a AICAR transformylase / IMP cyclohydrolase resulting in a release of a tetrahydropterol mono-l-glutamate and a FAICAR. The latter compound, FAICAR, interacts in a reversible reaction through a AICAR transformylase / IMP cyclohydrolase resulting in a release of water and Inosinic acid. Inosinic acid can be metabolized to produce dGTP and dATP three different methods each. dGTP: Inosinic acid, water and NAD are processed by IMP dehydrogenase resulting in a release of NADH, a hydrogen ion and Xanthylic acid. Xanthylic acid interacts with L-glutamine, and water through an ATP driven GMP synthetase resulting in pyrophosphate, AMP, L-glutamic acid, a hydrogen ion and Guanosine monophosphate. The latter compound is the phosphorylated by reacting with an ATP driven guanylate kinase resulting in a release of ADP and a Gaunosine diphosphate. Guanosine diphosphate can be metabolized in three different ways: 1.-Guanosine diphosphate is phosphorylated by an ATP-driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and a Guanosine triphosphate. This compound interacts with a reduced flavodoxin protein through a ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductase resulting in a oxidized flavodoxin a water moleculer and a dGTP 2.-Guanosine diphosphate interacts with a reduced NrdH glutaredoxin-like proteins through a ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase 2 resulting in the release of an oxidized NrdH glutaredoxin-like protein, a water molecule and a dGDP. The dGDP is then phosphorylated by interacting with an ATP-driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and dGTP. 3.-Guanosine diphosphate interacts with a reduced thioredoxin ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase 1 resulting in a release of a water molecule, an oxidized thioredoxin and a dGDP. The dGDP is then phosphorylated by interacting with an ATP-driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and dGTP. dATP: Inosinic acid interacts with L-aspartic acid through an GTP driven adenylosuccinate synthase results in the release of GDP, a hydrogen ion, a phosphate and N(6)-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)AMP. The latter compound is then cleaved by a adenylosuccinate lyase resulting in a fumaric acid and an Adenosine monophosphate. This compound is then phosphorylated by an adenylate kinase resulting in the release of ATP and an adenosine diphosphate. Adenosine diphosphate can be metabolized in three different ways: 1.-Adenosine diphosphate is involved in a reversible reaction by interacting with a hydrogen ion and a phosphate through a ATP synthase / thiamin triphosphate synthase resulting in a hydrogen ion, a water molecule and an Adenosine triphosphate. The adenosine triphosphate interacts with a reduced flavodoxin through a ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductase resulting in an oxidized flavodoxin, a water molecule and a dATP 2.- Adenosine diphosphate interacts with an reduced thioredoxin through a ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase 1 resulting in a release of a water molecule, a oxidized thioredoxin and a dADP. The dADP is then phosphorylated by a nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in the release of ADP and a dATP 3.- Adenosine diphosphate interacts with an reduced NrdH glutaredoxin-like protein through a ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase 2 resulting in a release of a water molecule, a oxidized glutaredoxin-like protein and a dADP. The dADP is then phosphorylated by a nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in the release of ADP and a dATP PW002033 Metabolic Acetate metabolism The acetate biosynthesis starts with acetyl-CoA reacting with phosphate through a phosphate acetyltransferase resulting in the release of a coenzyme A and an acetyl phosphate. The latter compound in turn reacts with ADP through an acetate kinase resulting in the release of an ATP and an acetate. The acetate reacts with ATP and coenzyme A through an acetyl-CoA synthase resulting in the release of a diphosphate, an AMP and an acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can be biosynthesized by acetoacetate reacting with an acetyl-CoA through an acetoacetyl-CoA transferase resulting in the release of an acetate and an acetoacetyl-CoA. The acetoacetyl-CoA reacts with an acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase resulting in the release of an coenzyme A and 2 acetyl-CoA PW002090 Metabolic adenosine nucleotides degradation The degradation of of adenosine nucleotides starts with AMP reacting with water through a nucleoside monophosphate phosphatase results in the release of phosphate and a adenosine. Adenosine reacts with water and hydrogen ion through an adenosine deaminase resulting in the release of ammonium and a inosine. Inosine reacts with phosphate through a inosine phosphorylase resulting in the release of an alpha-D-ribose-1-phosphate and an hypoxanthine. Hypoxanthine reacts with a water molecule and a NAD molecule through an hypoxanthine hydroxylase resulting in the release of an hydrogen ion, an NADH and a xanthine. Xanthine in turn is degraded by reacting with a water molecule and a NAD through xanthine NAD oxidoreductase resulting in the release of NADH, a hydrogen ion and urate. PW002091 Metabolic biotin-carboxyl carrier protein assembly PWY0-1264 adenine and adenosine salvage II PWY-6605 adenosine nucleotides degradation III PWY-6617 acetate conversion to acetyl-CoA PWY0-1313 thiazole biosynthesis I (E. coli) PWY-6892 asparagine biosynthesis I ASPARAGINE-BIOSYNTHESIS molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis PWY-6823 adenosine nucleotides <i>de novo</i> biosynthesis PWY-6126 ppGpp biosynthesis PPGPPMET-PWY 6-hydroxymethyl-dihydropterin diphosphate biosynthesis I PWY-6147 PRPP biosynthesis I PWY0-662 lipoate salvage I PWY0-522 gluconeogenesis I GLUCONEO-PWY glycolysis I GLYCOLYSIS adenosine nucleotides degradation II SALVADEHYPOX-PWY NAD salvage pathway I PYRIDNUCSAL-PWY tRNA charging TRNA-CHARGING-PWY tetrapyrrole biosynthesis I PWY-5188 fatty acid &beta;-oxidation I FAO-PWY carnitine degradation I CARNMET-PWY 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate biosynthesis I PWY-5837 phenylacetate degradation I (aerobic) PWY0-321 2-methylcitrate cycle I PWY0-42 asparagine biosynthesis II ASPARAGINESYN-PWY NAD biosynthesis I (from aspartate) PYRIDNUCSYN-PWY enterobactin biosynthesis ENTBACSYN-PWY phosphopantothenate biosynthesis I PANTO-PWY arginine biosynthesis I ARGSYN-PWY guanosine nucleotides <i>de novo</i> biosynthesis PWY-6125 lipoate biosynthesis and incorporation II PWY0-1275 Specdb::CMs 2234 Specdb::CMs 2236 Specdb::CMs 24338 Specdb::CMs 30967 Specdb::CMs 30968 Specdb::CMs 37264 Specdb::CMs 174079 Specdb::CMs 1047459 Specdb::CMs 1047461 Specdb::CMs 1047463 Specdb::CMs 1047466 Specdb::CMs 1047468 Specdb::CMs 1047470 Specdb::CMs 1047472 Specdb::CMs 1047474 Specdb::CMs 1047476 Specdb::CMs 1047478 Specdb::CMs 1047479 Specdb::CMs 1047481 Specdb::CMs 1047482 Specdb::CMs 1047484 Specdb::CMs 1047486 Specdb::CMs 1047488 Specdb::CMs 1047490 Specdb::CMs 1047492 Specdb::NmrOneD 1051 Specdb::NmrOneD 5452 Specdb::NmrOneD 5453 Specdb::NmrOneD 5454 Specdb::NmrOneD 5455 Specdb::NmrOneD 5456 Specdb::NmrOneD 5457 Specdb::NmrOneD 5458 Specdb::NmrOneD 5459 Specdb::NmrOneD 5460 Specdb::NmrOneD 5461 Specdb::NmrOneD 5462 Specdb::NmrOneD 5463 Specdb::NmrOneD 5464 Specdb::NmrOneD 5465 Specdb::NmrOneD 5466 Specdb::NmrOneD 5467 Specdb::NmrOneD 5468 Specdb::NmrOneD 5469 Specdb::NmrOneD 5470 Specdb::NmrOneD 5471 Specdb::NmrOneD 166346 Specdb::NmrOneD 166412 Specdb::NmrOneD 166608 Specdb::MsMs 6172 Specdb::MsMs 6173 Specdb::MsMs 6174 Specdb::MsMs 6175 Specdb::MsMs 6176 Specdb::MsMs 6177 Specdb::MsMs 6178 Specdb::MsMs 6179 Specdb::MsMs 6180 Specdb::MsMs 6181 Specdb::MsMs 6182 Specdb::MsMs 6183 Specdb::MsMs 6184 Specdb::MsMs 6185 Specdb::MsMs 6186 Specdb::MsMs 6187 Specdb::MsMs 6188 Specdb::MsMs 6189 Specdb::MsMs 6190 Specdb::MsMs 178872 Specdb::MsMs 178873 Specdb::MsMs 178874 Specdb::MsMs 181197 Specdb::MsMs 181198 Specdb::MsMs 181199 Specdb::NmrTwoD 942 Specdb::NmrTwoD 1109 HMDB00045 6083 5858 C00020 16027 AMP AP7 Adenosine monophosphate Keseler, I. M., Collado-Vides, J., Santos-Zavaleta, A., Peralta-Gil, M., Gama-Castro, S., Muniz-Rascado, L., Bonavides-Martinez, C., Paley, S., Krummenacker, M., Altman, T., Kaipa, P., Spaulding, A., Pacheco, J., Latendresse, M., Fulcher, C., Sarker, M., Shearer, A. G., Mackie, A., Paulsen, I., Gunsalus, R. P., Karp, P. D. (2011). "EcoCyc: a comprehensive database of Escherichia coli biology." Nucleic Acids Res 39:D583-D590. 21097882 Kanehisa, M., Goto, S., Sato, Y., Furumichi, M., Tanabe, M. (2012). "KEGG for integration and interpretation of large-scale molecular data sets." Nucleic Acids Res 40:D109-D114. 22080510 van der Werf, M. J., Overkamp, K. M., Muilwijk, B., Coulier, L., Hankemeier, T. (2007). "Microbial metabolomics: toward a platform with full metabolome coverage." Anal Biochem 370:17-25. 17765195 Bennett, B. D., Kimball, E. H., Gao, M., Osterhout, R., Van Dien, S. J., Rabinowitz, J. D. (2009). "Absolute metabolite concentrations and implied enzyme active site occupancy in Escherichia coli." Nat Chem Biol 5:593-599. 19561621 Ishii, N., Nakahigashi, K., Baba, T., Robert, M., Soga, T., Kanai, A., Hirasawa, T., Naba, M., Hirai, K., Hoque, A., Ho, P. Y., Kakazu, Y., Sugawara, K., Igarashi, S., Harada, S., Masuda, T., Sugiyama, N., Togashi, T., Hasegawa, M., Takai, Y., Yugi, K., Arakawa, K., Iwata, N., Toya, Y., Nakayama, Y., Nishioka, T., Shimizu, K., Mori, H., Tomita, M. (2007). "Multiple high-throughput analyses monitor the response of E. coli to perturbations." Science 316:593-597. 17379776 Buchholz, A., Takors, R., Wandrey, C. (2001). "Quantification of intracellular metabolites in Escherichia coli K12 using liquid chromatographic-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric techniques." Anal Biochem 295:129-137. 11488613 Eells JT, Spector R: Purine and pyrimidine base and nucleoside concentrations in human cerebrospinal fluid and plasma. Neurochem Res. 1983 Nov;8(11):1451-7. 6656991 Nakayama Y, Kinoshita A, Tomita M: Dynamic simulation of red blood cell metabolism and its application to the analysis of a pathological condition. Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 May 9;2(1):18. 15882454 BISHOP C, RANKINE DM, TALBOTT JH: The nucleotides in normal human blood. J Biol Chem. 1959 May;234(5):1233-7. 13654353 Lin CY, Ishida M: Elevation of cAMP levels in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neonatal meningitis. Pediatrics. 1983 Jun;71(6):932-4. 6304612 Pagani R, Tabucchi A, Carlucci F, Leoncini R, Consolmagno E, Molinelli M, Valerio P: Some aspects of purine nucleotide metabolism in human lymphocytes before and after infection with HIV-1 virus: nucleotide content. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1991;309B:43-6. 1781403 Drezner MK, Neelon FA, Curtis HB, Lebovitz HE: Renal cyclic adenosine monophosphate: an accurate index of parathyroid function. Metabolism. 1976 Oct;25(10):1103-12. 184364 Aschenbach WG, Sakamoto K, Goodyear LJ: 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, metabolism and exercise. Sports Med. 2004;34(2):91-103. 14965188 Subramanian GM, Cronin PW, Poley G, Weinstein A, Stoughton SM, Zhong J, Ou Y, Zmuda JF, Osborn BL, Freimuth WW: A phase 1 study of PAmAb, a fully human monoclonal antibody against Bacillus anthracis protective antigen, in healthy volunteers. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Jul 1;41(1):12-20. Epub 2005 May 24. 15937757 Aurbach GD: Genetic disorders involving parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser. 1971 May;7(6):48-54. 4155962 Post RM, Cramer H, Goodwin FK: Cyclic AMP in cerebrospinal fluid of manic and depressive patients. Psychol Med. 1977 Nov;7(4):599-605. 201957 http://hmdb.ca/system/metabolites/msds/000/000/032/original/HMDB00045.pdf?1358463104 Alkaline phosphatase P00634 PPB_ECOLI phoA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P00634.xml Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase P00954 SYW_ECOLI trpS http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P00954.xml Isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase P00956 SYI_ECOLI ileS http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P00956.xml Alanyl-tRNA synthetase P00957 SYA_ECOLI alaS http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P00957.xml Methionyl-tRNA synthetase P00959 SYM_ECOLI metG http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P00959.xml Glycyl-tRNA synthetase alpha subunit P00960 SYGA_ECOLI glyQ http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P00960.xml Glycyl-tRNA synthetase beta subunit P00961 SYGB_ECOLI glyS http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P00961.xml Glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase P00962 SYQ_ECOLI glnS http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P00962.xml Aspartate--ammonia ligase P00963 ASNA_ECOLI asnA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P00963.xml GMP synthase [glutamine-hydrolyzing] P04079 GUAA_ECOLI guaA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P04079.xml Glutamyl-tRNA synthetase P04805 SYE_ECOLI gltX http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P04805.xml Bifunctional protein BirA P06709 BIRA_ECOLI birA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P06709.xml Protein ushA P07024 USHA_ECOLI ushA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P07024.xml Valyl-tRNA synthetase P07118 SYV_ECOLI valS http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P07118.xml Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase beta chain P07395 SYFB_ECOLI pheT http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P07395.xml Leucyl-tRNA synthetase P07813 SYL_ECOLI leuS http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P07813.xml Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase alpha chain P08312 SYFA_ECOLI pheS http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P08312.xml Cysteine desulfurase P0A6B7 ISCS_ECOLI iscS http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A6B7.xml Argininosuccinate synthase P0A6E4 ASSY_ECOLI argG http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A6E4.xml Ribose-phosphate pyrophosphokinase P0A717 KPRS_ECOLI prs http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A717.xml Multifunctional protein surE P0A840 SURE_ECOLI surE http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A840.xml Seryl-tRNA synthetase P0A8L1 SYS_ECOLI serS http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A8L1.xml Asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase P0A8M0 SYN_ECOLI asnS http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A8M0.xml Threonyl-tRNA synthetase P0A8M3 SYT_ECOLI thrS http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A8M3.xml Lysyl-tRNA synthetase P0A8N3 SYK1_ECOLI lysS http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A8N3.xml Lysyl-tRNA synthetase, heat inducible P0A8N5 SYK2_ECOLI lysU http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A8N5.xml Uncharacterized protein YjeA P0A8N7 YJEA_ECOLI poxA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A8N7.xml 5'-nucleotidase yjjG P0A8Y1 YJJG_ECOLI yjjG http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A8Y1.xml Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase P0A9M2 HPRT_ECOLI hpt http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A9M2.xml Adenylosuccinate lyase P0AB89 PUR8_ECOLI purB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AB89.xml Coenzyme A biosynthesis bifunctional protein coaBC P0ABQ0 COABC_ECOLI coaBC http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0ABQ0.xml Isochorismatase P0ADI4 ENTB_ECOLI entB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0ADI4.xml AMP nucleosidase P0AE12 AMN_ECOLI amn http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AE12.xml Class B acid phosphatase P0AE22 APHA_ECOLI aphA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AE22.xml Protein mazG P0AEY3 MAZG_ECOLI mazG http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AEY3.xml GTP pyrophosphokinase P0AG20 RELA_ECOLI relA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AG20.xml Bifunctional (p)ppGpp synthase/hydrolase SpoT P0AG24 SPOT_ECOLI spoT http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AG24.xml Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase P0AGJ9 SYY_ECOLI tyrS http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AGJ9.xml Enterobactin synthase component E P10378 ENTE_ECOLI entE http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P10378.xml Enterobactin synthase component F P11454 ENTF_ECOLI entF http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P11454.xml L-fuculokinase P11553 FUCK_ECOLI fucK http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P11553.xml Arginyl-tRNA synthetase P11875 SYR_ECOLI argS http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P11875.xml DNA ligase P15042 DNLJ_ECOLI ligA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P15042.xml Selenide, water dikinase P16456 SELD_ECOLI selD http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P16456.xml Prolyl-tRNA synthetase P16659 SYP_ECOLI proS http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P16659.xml NH(3)-dependent NAD(+) synthetase P18843 NADE_ECOLI nadE http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P18843.xml 4'-phosphopantetheinyl transferase entD P19925 ENTD_ECOLI entD http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P19925.xml Cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase P21888 SYC_ECOLI cysS http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P21888.xml Aspartyl-tRNA synthetase P21889 SYD_ECOLI aspS http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P21889.xml Asparagine synthetase B [glutamine-hydrolyzing] P22106 ASNB_ECOLI asnB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P22106.xml 3'(2'),5'-bisphosphate nucleotidase cysQ P22255 CYSQ_ECOLI cysQ http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P22255.xml Phosphoenolpyruvate synthase P23538 PPSA_ECOLI ppsA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P23538.xml tRNA-specific 2-thiouridylase mnmA P25745 MNMA_ECOLI mnmA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P25745.xml DNA ligase B P25772 LIGB_ECOLI ligB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P25772.xml 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyldihydropteridine pyrophosphokinase P26281 HPPK_ECOLI folK http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P26281.xml Acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase P27550 ACSA_ECOLI acs http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P27550.xml Molybdopterin synthase sulfur carrier subunit P30748 MOAD_ECOLI moaD http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P30748.xml Bifunctional protein aas P31119 AAS_ECOLI aas http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P31119.xml Pantothenate synthetase P31663 PANC_ECOLI panC http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P31663.xml Lipoate-protein ligase A P32099 LPLA_ECOLI lplA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P32099.xml NADH pyrophosphatase P32664 NUDC_ECOLI nudC http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P32664.xml 2-succinylbenzoate--CoA ligase P37353 MENE_ECOLI menE http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P37353.xml RNA 3'-terminal phosphate cyclase P46849 RTCA_ECOLI rtcA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P46849.xml Histidyl-tRNA synthetase P60906 SYH_ECOLI hisS http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P60906.xml Adenylate kinase P69441 KAD_ECOLI adk http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P69441.xml Long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase P69451 LCFA_ECOLI fadD http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P69451.xml Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase P69503 APT_ECOLI apt http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P69503.xml Phenylacetate-coenzyme A ligase P76085 PAAK_ECOLI paaK http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P76085.xml Oxygen sensor protein DosP P76129 DOSP_ECOLI dosP http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P76129.xml 5'-nucleotidase yfbR P76491 YFBR_ECOLI yfbR http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P76491.xml [Citrate [pro-3S]-lyase] ligase P77390 CITC_ECOLI citC http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P77390.xml Propionate--CoA ligase P77495 PRPE_ECOLI prpE http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P77495.xml ADP-ribose pyrophosphatase Q93K97 ADPP_ECOLI nudF http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/Q93K97.xml Molybdopterin molybdenumtransferase P12281 MOEA_ECOLI moeA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P12281.xml ADP compounds hydrolase nudE P45799 NUDE_ECOLI nudE http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P45799.xml Sulfur carrier protein ThiS adenylyltransferase P30138 THIF_ECOLI thiF http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P30138.xml Probable crotonobetaine/carnitine-CoA ligase P31552 CAIC_ECOLI caiC http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P31552.xml tRNA sulfurtransferase P77718 THII_ECOLI thiI http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P77718.xml Sulfur carrier protein ThiS O32583 THIS_ECOLI thiS http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/O32583.xml Dehydroglycine synthase P30140 THIH_ECOLI thiH http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P30140.xml Short-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase P38135 FADK_ECOLI fadK http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P38135.xml Acyl carrier protein P0A6A8 ACP_ECOLI acpP http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A6A8.xml tRNA(Ile)-lysidine synthetase (EC:6.1.1.5) P52097 tilS http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P52097.xml Uncharacterized protein yjeF P31806 YJEF_ECOLI yjeF http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P31806.xml tRNA N6-adenosine threonylcarbamoyltransferase P05852 TSAD_ECOLI tsaD http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P05852.xml Threonine/serine transporter tdcC B1XGT1 TDCC_ECODH tdcC http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/B1XGT1.xml Outer membrane protein N P77747 OMPN_ECOLI ompN http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P77747.xml Outer membrane pore protein E P02932 PHOE_ECOLI phoE http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P02932.xml Outer membrane protein F P02931 OMPF_ECOLI ompF http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P02931.xml Outer membrane protein C P06996 OMPC_ECOLI ompC http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P06996.xml Adenosine monophosphate + Water > Adenosine + Phosphate Adenosine triphosphate + Coenzyme A + Dodecanoate (N-C12:0) + Hydrogen ion > Adenosine monophosphate + Lauroyl-CoA + Hydrogen ion + Pyrophosphate Adenosine triphosphate + Coenzyme A + Hydrogen ion + Palmitic acid > Adenosine monophosphate + Hydrogen ion + Palmityl-CoA + Pyrophosphate R01280 Adenosine triphosphate + Coenzyme A + Hydrogen ion + Octadecanoate (N-C18:0) > Adenosine monophosphate + Hydrogen ion + Pyrophosphate + Stearoyl-CoA Adenosine triphosphate + Coenzyme A + Hydrogen ion + tetradecanoate (n-C14:0) > Adenosine monophosphate + Hydrogen ion + Pyrophosphate + Tetradecanoyl-CoA Adenosine triphosphate + Coenzyme A + Hydrogen ion + Tetradecenoate (N-C14:1) > Adenosine monophosphate + Hydrogen ion + Pyrophosphate + (2E)-Tetradecenoyl-CoA Adenosine triphosphate + L-Phenylalanine + tRNA(Phe) + tRNA(Phe) <> Adenosine monophosphate + L-Phenylalanyl-tRNA(Phe) + Pyrophosphate + L-Phenylalanyl-tRNA(Phe) R03660 Adenosine triphosphate + Coenzyme A + Decanoate (N-C10:0) + Hydrogen ion > Adenosine monophosphate + Decanoyl-CoA (N-C10:0CoA) + Hydrogen ion + Pyrophosphate Adenosine triphosphate + Coenzyme A + Hydrogen ion + Caprylic acid > Adenosine monophosphate + Hydrogen ion + Octanoyl-CoA + Pyrophosphate Adenosine triphosphate + Coenzyme A + Hydrogen ion + Hexadecenoate (n-C16:1) > Adenosine monophosphate + Hydrogen ion + (2E)-Hexadecenoyl-CoA + Pyrophosphate Adenosine triphosphate + Coenzyme A + Hydrogen ion + Hexanoate (N-C6:0) > Adenosine monophosphate + Hydrogen ion + Hexanoyl-CoA + Pyrophosphate Adenosine triphosphate + Coenzyme A + Hydrogen ion + Octadecenoate (N-C18:1) > Adenosine monophosphate + Hydrogen ion + Octadecenoyl-CoA (N-C18:1CoA) + Pyrophosphate IscS with bound sulfur + MoaD Protein with bound AMP + NADH > Adenosine monophosphate + IscS sulfur acceptor protein + MoaD Protein with thiocarboxylate + NAD Adenosine triphosphate + Dehydroglycine + 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate + Hydrogen ion + IscS with bound sulfur + NADPH > 4-Methyl-5-(2-phosphoethyl)-thiazole + Adenosine monophosphate + Carbon dioxide +2 Water + IscS sulfur acceptor protein + NADP + Pyrophosphate Adenosine triphosphate + Guanosine diphosphate > Adenosine monophosphate + Hydrogen ion + Guanosine 3',5'-bis(diphosphate) GDPPYPHOSKIN-RXN acyl carrier protein + Adenosine triphosphate + Palmitic acid > Adenosine monophosphate + Palmitoyl-ACP (n-C16:0ACP) + Pyrophosphate acyl carrier protein + Adenosine triphosphate + Caprylic acid > Adenosine monophosphate + Octanoyl-ACP (n-C8:0ACP) + Pyrophosphate acyl carrier protein + Adenosine triphosphate + Decanoate (N-C10:0) > Adenosine monophosphate + Decanoyl-ACP (n-C10:0ACP) + Pyrophosphate acyl carrier protein + Adenosine triphosphate + Dodecanoate (N-C12:0) > Adenosine monophosphate + Dodecanoyl-ACP (n-C12:0ACP) + Pyrophosphate acyl carrier protein + Adenosine triphosphate + Hexadecenoate (n-C16:1) > Adenosine monophosphate + cis-hexadec-9-enoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] (n-C16:1) + Pyrophosphate acyl carrier protein + Adenosine triphosphate + Octadecanoate (N-C18:0) > Adenosine monophosphate + Octadecanoyl-ACP (n-C18:0ACP) + Pyrophosphate acyl carrier protein + Adenosine triphosphate + Octadecenoate (N-C18:1) > Adenosine monophosphate + cis-octadec-11-enoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] (n-C18:1) + Pyrophosphate acyl carrier protein + Adenosine triphosphate + tetradecanoate (n-C14:0) > Adenosine monophosphate + Myristoyl-ACP (n-C14:0ACP) + Pyrophosphate acyl carrier protein + Adenosine triphosphate + Tetradecenoate (N-C14:1) > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + cis-tetradec-7-enoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] (n-C14:1) Adenosine diphosphate ribose + Water <> Adenosine monophosphate +2 Hydrogen ion + D-Ribose-5-phosphate R01054 RXN0-1441 Adenosine triphosphate + Glycine + tRNA(Gly) + tRNA(Gly) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Glycyl-tRNA(Gly) + Pyrophosphate + Glycyl-tRNA(Gly) R03654 Water + NAD <> Adenosine monophosphate +2 Hydrogen ion + Nicotinamide ribotide + NMN R00103 NADPYROPHOSPHAT-RXN Adenosine triphosphate + L-Lysine + tRNA(Lys) > Adenosine monophosphate + L-Lysine-tRNA (Lys) + Pyrophosphate Adenosine triphosphate + L-Isoleucine + tRNA(Ile) + tRNA(Ile) <> Adenosine monophosphate + L-Isoleucyl-tRNA(Ile) + Pyrophosphate + L-Isoleucyl-tRNA(Ile) R03656 beta-Alanine + Adenosine triphosphate + (R)-Pantoate <> Adenosine monophosphate + Hydrogen ion + Pantothenic acid + Pyrophosphate R02473 PANTOATE-BETA-ALANINE-LIG-RXN 6-Hydroxymethyl dihydropterin + Adenosine triphosphate > 6-Hydroxymethyl-dihydropterin pyrophosphate + Adenosine monophosphate + Hydrogen ion H2PTERIDINEPYROPHOSPHOKIN-RXN Adenosine triphosphate + L-Proline + tRNA(Pro) + tRNA(Pro) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Prolyl-tRNA(Pro) + L-Prolyl-tRNA(Pro) R03661 Adenine + Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate R00190 ADENPRIBOSYLTRAN-RXN Adenosine monophosphate + Inosine triphosphate <> ADP + IDP Adenosine monophosphate + Adenosine triphosphate <>2 ADP R00127 ADENYL-KIN-RXN Adenosine monophosphate + Guanosine triphosphate <> ADP + Guanosine diphosphate Adenosine + Adenosine triphosphate > ADP + Adenosine monophosphate + Hydrogen ion Adenosine triphosphate + L-Cysteine + tRNA(Cys) + tRNA(Cys) <> Adenosine monophosphate + L-Cysteinyl-tRNA(Cys) + Pyrophosphate + L-Cysteinyl-tRNA(Cys) R03650 3 (2,3-Dihydroxybenzoyl)adenylic acid + 3 L-Seryl-AMP >6 Adenosine monophosphate + Enterochelin +9 Hydrogen ion ENTG-RXN Adenosine triphosphate + L-Leucine + tRNA(Leu) > Adenosine monophosphate + L-Leucyl-tRNA(Leu) + Pyrophosphate L-Aspartic acid + Adenosine triphosphate + L-Glutamine + Water > Adenosine monophosphate + L-Asparagine + L-Glutamate + Hydrogen ion + Pyrophosphate R00578 ASNSYNB-RXN Adenosine triphosphate + L-Glutamine + tRNA(Gln) > Adenosine monophosphate + L-Glutaminyl-tRNA(Gln) + Pyrophosphate Molybdopterin + Adenylated molybdopterin > Adenosine monophosphate + bis-molybdenum cofactor + Copper Adenylated molybdopterin + tungsten binding cofactor > Adenosine monophosphate + tungsten bispterin cofactor + Copper 2 Hydrogen ion + Molybdate + Adenylated molybdopterin > Adenosine monophosphate + Copper + Water + Molybdopterin 2 Hydrogen ion + Adenylated molybdopterin + Tungstate > Adenosine monophosphate + Copper + Water + tungsten binding cofactor Adenosine triphosphate + L-Serine + tRNA(SeCys) > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate Adenosine triphosphate + L-Serine + tRNA(Ser) + tRNA(Ser) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Seryl-tRNA(Ser) + L-Seryl-tRNA(Ser) R03662 L-Asparagine + Adenosine triphosphate + tRNA(Asn) + tRNA(Asn) <> Adenosine monophosphate + L-Asparaginyl-tRNA(Asn) + Pyrophosphate + L-Asparaginyl-tRNA(Asn) R03648 Adenylsuccinic acid <> Adenosine monophosphate + Fumaric acid R01083 Adenosine triphosphate + D-Ribose-5-phosphate <> Adenosine monophosphate + Hydrogen ion + Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate R01049 PRPPSYN-RXN Adenosine triphosphate + Coenzyme A + Benzeneacetic acid <> Adenosine monophosphate + Phenylacetyl-CoA + Pyrophosphate R02539 Cyclic AMP + Water > Adenosine monophosphate + Hydrogen ion RXN0-5038 Adenosine triphosphate + tRNA(Tyr) + L-Tyrosine + tRNA(Tyr) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Tyrosyl-tRNA(Tyr) + L-Tyrosyl-tRNA(Tyr) R02918 Adenosine triphosphate + Water + Pyruvic acid <> Adenosine monophosphate +2 Hydrogen ion + Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + Phosphate R00199 PEPSYNTH-RXN Adenosine triphosphate + L-Threonine + tRNA(Thr) + tRNA(Thr) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Threonyl-tRNA(Thr) + L-Threonyl-tRNA(Thr) R03663 Adenosine triphosphate + Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide + Ammonium > Adenosine monophosphate + Hydrogen ion + NAD + Pyrophosphate Adenosine triphosphate + Water + Selenium > Adenosine monophosphate + Phosphate + Phosphoroselenoic acid L-Aspartic acid + Adenosine triphosphate + tRNA(Asp) + tRNA(Asp) <> Adenosine monophosphate + L-Aspartyl-tRNA(Asp) + Pyrophosphate + L-Aspartyl-tRNA(Asp) R05577 L-Arginine + Adenosine triphosphate + tRNA(Arg) + tRNA(Arg) <> Adenosine monophosphate + L-Arginyl-tRNA(Arg) + Pyrophosphate + L-Arginyl-tRNA(Arg) R03646 Adenosine monophosphate + Water <> Adenine + D-Ribose-5-phosphate R00182 AMP-NUCLEOSID-RXN Adenosine triphosphate + L-Methionine + tRNA(Met) > Adenosine monophosphate + L-Methionyl-tRNA (Met) + Pyrophosphate Adenosine triphosphate + Coenzyme A + 2-Succinylbenzoate <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + 2-Succinylbenzoyl-CoA R04030 O-SUCCINYLBENZOATE-COA-LIG-RXN Adenosine triphosphate + L-Glutamate + tRNA (Glu) > Adenosine monophosphate + L-Glutamyl-tRNA(Glu) + Pyrophosphate Adenosine triphosphate + L-Glutamine + Water + Xanthylic acid > Adenosine monophosphate + L-Glutamate + Guanosine monophosphate +2 Hydrogen ion + Pyrophosphate R01231 GMP-SYN-GLUT-RXN Adenosine triphosphate + L-Histidine + tRNA(His) + tRNA(His) <> Adenosine monophosphate + L-Histidyl-tRNA(His) + Pyrophosphate + L-Histidyl-tRNA(His) R03655 L-Alanine + Adenosine triphosphate + tRNA(Ala) > L-Alanyl-tRNA(Ala) + Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate Adenosine triphosphate + Water <> Adenosine monophosphate + Hydrogen ion + Pyrophosphate R00087 Adenosine triphosphate + Guanosine triphosphate <> Adenosine monophosphate + Guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate + Hydrogen ion R00429 GTPPYPHOSKIN-RXN 2-Acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (N-C12:0) + Adenosine triphosphate + Dodecanoate (N-C12:0) > Adenosine monophosphate + PE(14:0/14:0) + Pyrophosphate 2-Acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (N-C14:0) + Adenosine triphosphate + tetradecanoate (n-C14:0) > Adenosine monophosphate + PE(14:0/14:0) + Pyrophosphate 2-Acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (N-C14:1) + Adenosine triphosphate + Tetradecenoate (N-C14:1) > Adenosine monophosphate + PE(14:0/14:0) + Pyrophosphate 2-Acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (N-C16:0) + Adenosine triphosphate + Palmitic acid > Adenosine monophosphate + PE(14:0/14:0) + Pyrophosphate 2-Acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (N-C16:1) + Adenosine triphosphate + Hexadecenoate (n-C16:1) > Adenosine monophosphate + PE(14:0/14:0) + Pyrophosphate 2-Acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (N-C18:0) + Adenosine triphosphate + Octadecanoate (N-C18:0) > Adenosine monophosphate + PE(14:0/14:0) + Pyrophosphate 2-Acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (N-C18:1) + Adenosine triphosphate + Octadecenoate (N-C18:1) > Adenosine monophosphate + PE(14:0/14:0) + Pyrophosphate 2-Acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol (n-C12:0) + Adenosine triphosphate + Dodecanoate (N-C12:0) > Adenosine monophosphate + PG(12:0/12:0) + Pyrophosphate 2-Acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol (N-C14:0) + Adenosine triphosphate + tetradecanoate (n-C14:0) > Adenosine monophosphate + PG(14:0/14:0) + Pyrophosphate 2-Acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol (N-C14:1) + Adenosine triphosphate + Tetradecenoate (N-C14:1) > Adenosine monophosphate + PG(14:1(7Z)/14:1(7Z)) + Pyrophosphate 2-Acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol (N-C16:0) + Adenosine triphosphate + Palmitic acid > Adenosine monophosphate + PG(16:0/16:0) + Pyrophosphate 2-Acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol (N-C16:1) + Adenosine triphosphate + Hexadecenoate (n-C16:1) > Adenosine monophosphate + PG(16:1(9Z)/16:1(9Z)) + Pyrophosphate 2-Acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol (N-C18:0) + Adenosine triphosphate + Octadecanoate (N-C18:0) > Adenosine monophosphate + PG(18:0/18:0) + Pyrophosphate 2-Acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol (N-C18:1) + Adenosine triphosphate + Octadecenoate (N-C18:1) > Adenosine monophosphate + PG(18:1(11Z)/18:1(11Z)) + Pyrophosphate L-Aspartic acid + Adenosine triphosphate + Citrulline <> Adenosine monophosphate + Argininosuccinic acid + Hydrogen ion + Pyrophosphate R01954 Adenosine triphosphate + tRNA(Trp) + L-Tryptophan + tRNA(Trp) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Tryptophanyl-tRNA(Trp) R03664 L-Aspartic acid + Adenosine triphosphate + Ammonium > Adenosine monophosphate + L-Asparagine + Hydrogen ion + Pyrophosphate Acetic acid + Adenosine triphosphate + Coenzyme A <> Acetyl-CoA + Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate R00235 ACETATE--COA-LIGASE-RXN Water + Adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate > Adenosine monophosphate + Phosphate 325-BISPHOSPHATE-NUCLEOTIDASE-RXN Adenosine triphosphate + tRNA(Val) + L-Valine + tRNA(Val) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Valyl-tRNA(Val) + L-Valyl-tRNA(Val) R03665 Adenosine triphosphate + Hydrogen ion + Caprylic acid > Adenosine monophosphate + octanoate (protein bound) + Pyrophosphate Lipoyl-AMP > Adenosine monophosphate + lipoate (protein bound) Adenosine triphosphate + Water <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate R00087 NAD + Water <> Adenosine monophosphate + Nicotinamide ribotide R00103 NADPYROPHOSPHAT-RXN Adenosine monophosphate + Water <> Adenosine + Phosphate R00183 Adenosine triphosphate + Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide + Ammonia <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + NAD R00189 NAD-SYNTH-NH3-RXN Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate <> Adenine + Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate R00190 Adenosine triphosphate + Pyruvic acid + Water <> Adenosine monophosphate + Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + Phosphate R00199 PEPSYNTH-RXN Acetyl adenylate + Coenzyme A <> Adenosine monophosphate + Acetyl-CoA R00236 Adenosine triphosphate + Guanosine triphosphate <> Adenosine monophosphate + Guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate R00429 Adenosine triphosphate + L-Aspartic acid + Ammonia <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Asparagine R00483 Adenosine triphosphate + L-Aspartic acid + L-Glutamine + Water <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Asparagine + L-Glutamate R00578 Propinol adenylate + Coenzyme A <> Adenosine monophosphate + Propionyl-CoA R00926 Adenosine triphosphate + D-Ribose-5-phosphate <> Adenosine monophosphate + Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate R01049 Adenosine diphosphate ribose + Water <> Adenosine monophosphate + D-Ribose-5-phosphate R01054 Adenosine triphosphate + Xanthylic acid + Ammonia <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + Guanosine monophosphate R01230 Adenosine triphosphate + Xanthylic acid + L-Glutamine + Water <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + Guanosine monophosphate + L-Glutamate R01231 Adenosine triphosphate + Palmitic acid + Coenzyme A <> Adenosine monophosphate + Palmityl-CoA + Pyrophosphate R01280 Adenosine triphosphate + Long-chain fatty acid + Acyl-carrier protein <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + Acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] R01406 Adenosine triphosphate + Citrulline + L-Aspartic acid <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + Argininosuccinic acid R01954 Adenosine triphosphate + (R)-Pantoate + beta-Alanine <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + Pantothenic acid R02473 PANTOATE-BETA-ALANINE-LIG-RXN Adenosine triphosphate + L-Tyrosine + tRNA(Tyr) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Tyrosyl-tRNA(Tyr) R02918 Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide + Water <> Adenosine monophosphate + Nicotinamide ribotide R03004 Adenosine triphosphate + L-Alanine + tRNA(Ala) + tRNA(Ala) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Alanyl-tRNA + L-Alanyl-tRNA R03038 Adenosine triphosphate + 6-Hydroxymethyl dihydropterin <> Adenosine monophosphate + 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropteridine diphosphate + (2-amino-4-hydroxy-7,8-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl diphosphate R03503 Adenosine triphosphate + Hydrogen selenide + Water <> Adenosine monophosphate + Phosphoroselenoic acid + Phosphate R03595 Adenosine triphosphate + L-Arginine + tRNA(Arg) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Arginyl-tRNA(Arg) R03646 Adenosine triphosphate + L-Asparagine + tRNA(Asn) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Asparaginyl-tRNA(Asn) R03648 Adenosine triphosphate + L-Cysteine + tRNA(Cys) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Cysteinyl-tRNA(Cys) R03650 Adenosine triphosphate + L-Glutamine + tRNA(Gln) + tRNA(Gln) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + Glutaminyl-tRNA + Glutaminyl-tRNA R03652 Adenosine triphosphate + Glycine + tRNA(Gly) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + Glycyl-tRNA(Gly) R03654 Adenosine triphosphate + L-Histidine + tRNA(His) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Histidyl-tRNA(His) R03655 Adenosine triphosphate + L-Isoleucine + tRNA(Ile) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Isoleucyl-tRNA(Ile) R03656 Adenosine triphosphate + L-Leucine + tRNA(Leu) + tRNA(Leu) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Leucyl-tRNA + L-Leucyl-tRNA R03657 Adenosine triphosphate + L-Lysine + tRNA(Lys) + tRNA(Lys) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Lysyl-tRNA + L-Lysyl-tRNA R03658 Adenosine triphosphate + L-Methionine + tRNA(Met) + tRNA(Met) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Methionyl-tRNA + L-Methionyl-tRNA R03659 Adenosine triphosphate + L-Phenylalanine + tRNA(Phe) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Phenylalanyl-tRNA(Phe) R03660 Adenosine triphosphate + L-Proline + tRNA(Pro) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Prolyl-tRNA(Pro) R03661 Adenosine triphosphate + L-Serine + tRNA(Ser) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Seryl-tRNA(Ser) R03662 Adenosine triphosphate + L-Threonine + tRNA(Thr) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Threonyl-tRNA(Thr) R03663 Adenosine triphosphate + L-Tryptophan + tRNA(Trp) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Tryptophanyl-tRNA(Trp) R03664 Adenosine triphosphate + L-Valine + tRNA(Val) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Valyl-tRNA(Val) R03665 Adenosine triphosphate + D-4'-Phosphopantothenate + L-Cysteine <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + 4-Phosphopantothenoylcysteine R04230 Adenosine triphosphate + Selenomethionine + tRNA(Met) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + Selenomethionyl-tRNA(Met) R04773 Biotinyl-5'-AMP + Apo-[carboxylase] <> Adenosine monophosphate + Holo-[carboxylase] R05145 tRNA(Asp) + L-Aspartic acid + Adenosine triphosphate <> L-Aspartyl-tRNA(Asp) + Pyrophosphate + Adenosine monophosphate R05577 tRNA(Glu) + L-Glutamate + Adenosine triphosphate + tRNA(Glu) <> L-Glutamyl-tRNA(Glu) + Pyrophosphate + Adenosine monophosphate + L-Glutamyl-tRNA(Glu) R05578 Lipoyl-AMP + Apoprotein <> Protein N6-(lipoyl)lysine + Adenosine monophosphate R07771 Adenosine triphosphate + L-Serine + tRNA(Sec) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Seryl-tRNA(Sec) R08218 6-Thioxanthine 5'-monophosphate + Adenosine triphosphate + L-Glutamine + Water <> 6-Thioguanosine monophosphate + Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Glutamate R08244 [tRNA(Ile2)]-cytidine34 + L-Lysine + Adenosine triphosphate <> [tRNA(Ile2)]-lysidine34 + Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + Water R09597 Adenylated molybdopterin + Molybdate <> Molybdoenzyme molybdenum cofactor + Adenosine monophosphate + Water + Molybdoenzyme molybdenum cofactor R09735 (2,3-Dihydroxybenzoyl)adenylic acid + L-Seryl-AMP <> Hydrogen ion + Enterochelin + Adenosine monophosphate ENTG-RXN a tRNA uridine³⁴ + a [TusE sulfur carrier protein]-<i>S</i>-sulfanylcysteine + Adenosine triphosphate > a tRNA 2-thiouridine³⁴ + a [TusE sulfur carrier protein]-L-cysteine + Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate RXN0-2023 Water + Selenium + Adenosine triphosphate > Phosphate + Selenophosphate + Adenosine monophosphate 2.7.9.3-RXN Coenzyme A + Acetic acid + Adenosine triphosphate > Acetyl-CoA + Pyrophosphate + Adenosine monophosphate R00235 ACETATE--COA-LIGASE-RXN a 2,3,4-saturated fatty acid + Coenzyme A + Adenosine triphosphate > a 2,3,4-saturated fatty acyl CoA + Pyrophosphate + Adenosine monophosphate ACYLCOASYN-RXN Pyrophosphate + Adenosine monophosphate < Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate + Adenine ADENPRIBOSYLTRAN-RXN Adenosine monophosphate + Adenosine triphosphate <> ADP ADENYL-KIN-RXN an ADP-sugar + Water > Adenosine monophosphate + an &alpha;-D-aldose-1-phosphate ADPSUGPPHOSPHAT-RXN Adenosine monophosphate + Water > Adenosine + Phosphate AMP-DEPHOSPHORYLATION-RXN Water + Adenosine monophosphate > D-Ribose-5-phosphate + Adenine AMP-NUCLEOSID-RXN adenylo-succinate > Fumaric acid + Adenosine monophosphate AMPSYN-RXN L-Aspartic acid + Citrulline + Adenosine triphosphate > Hydrogen ion + L-arginino-succinate + Pyrophosphate + Adenosine monophosphate ARGSUCCINSYN-RXN Ammonia + L-Aspartic acid + Adenosine triphosphate > L-Asparagine + Pyrophosphate + Adenosine monophosphate R00483 ASNSYNA-RXN DNA_<i>n</i> + (deoxynucleotides)_(m) + NAD > (deoxynucleotides)_(m) + Nicotinamide ribotide + Adenosine monophosphate DNA-LIGASE-NAD+-RXN Adenosine triphosphate + L-Serine + 2-Pyrocatechuic acid > Hydrogen ion + Pyrophosphate + Adenosine monophosphate + Enterochelin ENTMULTI-RXN Adenosine triphosphate + Guanosine diphosphate > Adenosine monophosphate + Guanosine 3',5'-bis(diphosphate) GDPPYPHOSKIN-RXN Water + L-Glutamine + Xanthylic acid + Adenosine triphosphate > Hydrogen ion + L-Glutamate + Guanosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + Adenosine monophosphate R01231 GMP-SYN-GLUT-RXN Adenosine triphosphate + Xanthylic acid + Ammonia > Hydrogen ion + Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + Guanosine monophosphate R01230 GMP-SYN-NH3-RXN Guanosine triphosphate + Adenosine triphosphate > Guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate + Adenosine monophosphate GTPPYPHOSKIN-RXN Coenzyme A + Carnitine + Adenosine triphosphate > L-Carnitinyl-CoA + Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate LCARNCOALIG-RXN Adenosine triphosphate + Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide + L-Glutamine + Water > Hydrogen ion + Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + NAD + L-Glutamate NAD-SYNTH-GLN-RXN Adenosine triphosphate + Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide + Ammonia > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + NAD NAD-SYNTH-NH3-RXN Water + NAD > Hydrogen ion + Nicotinamide ribotide + Adenosine monophosphate NADPYROPHOSPHAT-RXN Adenosine triphosphate + 2-Succinylbenzoate + Coenzyme A > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + 2-Succinylbenzoyl-CoA R04030 O-SUCCINYLBENZOATE-COA-LIG-RXN beta-Alanine + (R)-Pantoate + Adenosine triphosphate > Hydrogen ion + Pantothenic acid + Pyrophosphate + Adenosine monophosphate PANTOATE-BETA-ALANINE-LIG-RXN Water + Pyruvic acid + Adenosine triphosphate > Hydrogen ion + Phosphate + Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + Adenosine monophosphate PEPSYNTH-RXN Coenzyme A + phenylacetate + Adenosine triphosphate > Phenylacetyl-CoA + Pyrophosphate + Adenosine monophosphate PHENYLACETATE--COA-LIGASE-RXN Coenzyme A + Propionic acid + Adenosine triphosphate > Propionyl-CoA + Pyrophosphate + Adenosine monophosphate PROPIONATE--COA-LIGASE-RXN (<i>S</i>)-NADPHX + ADP NADPH + Adenosine monophosphate + Phosphate + Hydrogen ion RXN-13141 Adenylated molybdopterin + Molybdate > molybdenum cofactor + Adenosine monophosphate + Water RXN-8348 Adenosine diphosphate ribose + Water > Hydrogen ion + Adenosine monophosphate + D-Ribose-5-phosphate RXN0-1441 NADH + Water > Hydrogen ion + NMNH + Adenosine monophosphate RXN0-4401 Adenosine triphosphate + an acid + [acyl-carrier-protein] > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] Adenosine triphosphate + Acetic acid + CoA > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + Acetyl-CoA Adenosine diphosphate ribose + Water > Adenosine monophosphate + D-Ribose-5-phosphate Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate > Adenine + Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate Adenosine triphosphate + L-Aspartic acid + L-Glutamine + Water > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Asparagine + L-Glutamate Adenosine triphosphate + Citrulline + L-Aspartic acid > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + 2-(N(omega)-L-arginino)succinate Adenosine triphosphate + Biotin + apo-[acetyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)] > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + [acetyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)] Adenosine triphosphate + Acetic acid + [citrate (pro-3S)-lyase](thiol form) > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + [citrate (pro-3S)-lyase](acetyl form) Cyclic AMP + Water > Adenosine monophosphate Adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate + Water > Adenosine monophosphate + Inorganic phosphate NAD + (deoxyribonucleotide)(n) + (deoxyribonucleotide)(m) > Adenosine monophosphate + NMN + (deoxyribonucleotide)(n+m) (2,3-Dihydroxybenzoyl)adenylic acid + holo-entB > Adenosine monophosphate + acyl-holo-entB Adenosine triphosphate + a short-chain carboxylic acid + CoA > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + an acyl-CoA Adenosine triphosphate + Xanthylic acid + L-Glutamine + Water > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + Guanosine monophosphate + L-Glutamate Adenosine triphosphate + 6-Hydroxymethyl dihydropterin > Adenosine monophosphate + 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropteridine diphosphate Adenosine triphosphate + Adenosine monophosphate >2 ADP Adenosine triphosphate + D-Ribose-5-phosphate > Adenosine monophosphate + Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate Adenosine triphosphate + a long-chain fatty acid + CoA > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + an acyl-CoA Lipoyl-AMP + protein > protein N(6)-(lipoyl)lysine + Adenosine monophosphate Adenosine triphosphate + Water > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate Adenosine triphosphate + 2-Succinylbenzoate + CoA > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + 2-Succinylbenzoyl-CoA Adenylyl-molybdopterin + Molybdate > Molybdopterin + Adenosine monophosphate ADP + (6S)-6-beta-hydroxy-1,4,5,6-tetrahydronicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide > Adenosine monophosphate + Inorganic phosphate + NADH NAD + Water > Adenosine monophosphate + NMN Adenosine triphosphate + Benzeneacetic acid + CoA > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + Phenylacetyl-CoA Adenosine triphosphate + (R)-Pantoate + beta-Alanine > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + (R)-pantothenate Adenosine triphosphate + Pyruvic acid + Water > Adenosine monophosphate + Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + Inorganic phosphate Adenosine triphosphate + Propionic acid + CoA > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + Propionyl-CoA ADP + [Pyruvate, water dikinase] > Adenosine monophosphate + [pyruvate, water dikinase] phosphate Adenylsuccinic acid > Fumaric acid + Adenosine monophosphate Adenosine triphosphate + RNA 3'-terminal-phosphate > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + RNA terminal-2',3'-cyclic-phosphate Adenosine triphosphate + Hydrogen selenide + Water > Adenosine monophosphate + Phosphoroselenoic acid + Inorganic phosphate Adenosine triphosphate + L-Cysteine + tRNA(Cys) > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-cysteinyl-tRNA(Cys) Adenosine triphosphate + L-Aspartic acid + tRNA(Asp) > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-aspartyl-tRNA(Asp) Adenosine triphosphate + L-Glutamate + tRNA(Glu) > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-glutamyl-tRNA(Glu) Adenosine triphosphate + L-Phenylalanine + tRNA(Phe) > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-phenylalanyl-tRNA(Phe) Adenosine triphosphate + Glycine + tRNA(Gly) > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + glycyl-tRNA(Gly) Adenosine triphosphate + L-Histidine + tRNA(His) > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-histidyl-tRNA(His) Adenosine triphosphate + L-Isoleucine + tRNA(Ile) > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-isoleucyl-tRNA(Ile) Adenosine triphosphate + L-Lysine + tRNA(Lys) > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-lysyl-tRNA(Lys) Adenosine triphosphate + L-Methionine + tRNA(Met) > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-methionyl-tRNA(Met) Adenosine triphosphate + L-Asparagine + tRNA(Asn) > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-asparaginyl-tRNA(Asn) Adenosine triphosphate + L-Proline + tRNA(Pro) > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-prolyl-tRNA(Pro) Adenosine triphosphate + L-Arginine + tRNA(Arg) > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-arginyl-tRNA(Arg) Adenosine triphosphate + L-Serine + tRNA(Ser) > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-seryl-tRNA(Ser) Adenosine triphosphate + L-Serine + tRNA(Sec) > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-seryl-tRNA(Sec) Adenosine triphosphate + L-Threonine + tRNA(Thr) > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-threonyl-tRNA(Thr) Adenosine triphosphate + L-Valine + tRNA(Val) > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-valyl-tRNA(Val) Adenosine triphosphate + L-Tryptophan + tRNA(Trp) > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-tryptophyl-tRNA(Trp) Adenosine triphosphate + L-Tyrosine + tRNA(Tyr) > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-tyrosyl-tRNA(Tyr) [IscS]-SSH + [ThiS]-COAMP > [IscS]-SH + [ThiS]-COSH + Adenosine monophosphate (tRNA(Ile2))-cytidine(34) + L-Lysine + Adenosine triphosphate > (tRNA(Ile2))-lysidine(34) + Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + Water Adenosine triphosphate + Biotin + Apo-[acetyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)] <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + [Acetyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)] R04562 ADP + (6S)-6-beta-hydroxy-1,4,5,6-tetrahydronicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide + (6S)-6beta-Hydroxy-1,4,5,6-tetrahydronicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate <> Adenosine monophosphate + Phosphate + NADH + NADPH R10267 Adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate + Water <> Adenosine monophosphate + Phosphate R00188 Adenosine triphosphate + Acetic acid + Citrate (pro-3S)-lyase (thiol form) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + Citrate (pro-3S)-lyase (acetyl form) R04449 Adenosine triphosphate + L-Aspartic acid + L-Glutamine + Water + Ammonia <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Asparagine + L-Glutamate R00578 Adenylsuccinic acid + SAICAR <> Fumaric acid + Adenosine monophosphate + AICAR R01083 Adenosine triphosphate + Long-chain fatty acid + Coenzyme A <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + Acyl-CoA R00390 NAD + DNA <> Adenosine monophosphate + NMN R00382 Adenosine triphosphate + Xanthylic acid + L-Glutamine + Water + Ammonia <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + Guanosine monophosphate + L-Glutamate R01231 L-Threonylcarbamoyladenylate <> Adenosine monophosphate R10648 Adenosine triphosphate + RNA 3'-terminal-phosphate <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + RNA terminal-2',3'-cyclic-phosphate R04274 Adenosine triphosphate + RNA <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate R07640 Adenosine triphosphate + lipoate + Lipoyl-AMP + Apoprotein <> Pyrophosphate + Protein N6-(lipoyl)lysine + Adenosine monophosphate R07770 FAD + [Protein]-L-threonine <> [Protein]-FMN-L-Threonine + Adenosine monophosphate R10613 Adenosine triphosphate + Propionic acid + Coenzyme A <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + Propionyl-CoA R00925 Palmitic acid + Adenosine triphosphate + Coenzyme A > Palmityl-CoA + Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate PW_R002469 Biotinyl-5'-AMP + apo-[carboxylase] > Adenosine monophosphate + Biotin-Carboxyl Carrying Protein PW_R002502 Lipoyl-AMP + apoprotein + Lipoyl-AMP > Protein N6-(lipoyl)lysine + Adenosine monophosphate PW_R002524 Lipoyl-AMP + a [lipoyl-carrier protein]-L-lysine + Lipoyl-AMP > Adenosine monophosphate + Hydrogen ion + Protein N6-(lipoyl)lysine PW_R003560 Caprylic acid + Adenosine triphosphate + a [lipoyl-carrier protein]-L-lysine > Hydrogen ion + Pyrophosphate + Adenosine monophosphate + Protein N6-(octanoyl)lysine PW_R003563 Adenosine triphosphate + L-Alanine + tRNA(Ala) + L-Alanine > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-alanyl-tRNA(Ala) PW_R002585 Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + Adenosine monophosphate + Phosphate + 2 Hydrogen ion > Adenosine triphosphate + Water + Pyruvic acid PW_R002640 Water + Adenosine triphosphate + Pyruvic acid > Adenosine monophosphate + Phosphate +2 Hydrogen ion + Phosphoenolpyruvic acid PW_R003675 Adenosine triphosphate + L-Aspartic acid + Ammonia + L-Aspartic acid > Adenosine monophosphate + L-Asparagine + Pyrophosphate + L-Asparagine PW_R002642 Adenosine triphosphate + L-Aspartic acid + L-Glutamine + Water + L-Aspartic acid > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Asparagine + L-Glutamic acid + L-Asparagine + L-Glutamate PW_R002643 Adenosine triphosphate + Citrulline + L-Aspartic acid + L-Aspartic acid > Pyrophosphate + Adenosine monophosphate + Argininosuccinic acid PW_R002649 N(6)-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)AMP > Fumaric acid + Adenosine monophosphate PW_R002651 L-Arginine + tRNA(Arg) + Adenosine triphosphate + Hydrogen ion > Pyrophosphate + Adenosine monophosphate + L-arginyl-tRNA(Arg) PW_R002823 L-Cysteine + tRNA(Cys) + Adenosine triphosphate + Hydrogen ion > Pyrophosphate + Adenosine monophosphate + L-cysteinyl-tRNA(Cys) PW_R002824 L-Glutamic acid + Adenosine triphosphate + Hydrogen ion + tRNA(Glu) + L-Glutamate > Pyrophosphate + Adenosine monophosphate + L-glutamyl-tRNA(Glu) PW_R002825 8 L-Glutamic acid + 8 Hydrogen ion + 8 Adenosine triphosphate + 8 tRNA(Glu) + 8 L-Glutamate >8 Adenosine monophosphate +8 Pyrophosphate +8 L-glutamyl-tRNA(Glu) PW_R003472 L-Alanine + Adenosine triphosphate + Hydrogen ion + tRNA(Ala) + L-Alanine > Pyrophosphate + Adenosine monophosphate + L-alanyl-tRNA(Ala) PW_R002826 Glycine + Adenosine triphosphate + Hydrogen ion + tRNA(gly) > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + Glycyl-tRNA(Gly) PW_R002827 L-Threonine + Adenosine triphosphate + Hydrogen ion + tRNA(Thr) + L-Threonine > Pyrophosphate + Adenosine monophosphate + L-Threonyl-tRNA(Thr) PW_R002829 L-Serine + Adenosine triphosphate + Hydrogen ion + tRNA(Ser) + L-Serine > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Seryl-tRNA(Ser) PW_R002828 L-Leucine + Adenosine triphosphate + Hydrogen ion + tRNA(Leu) > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Leucyl-tRNA(Leu) PW_R002830 L-Valine + Adenosine triphosphate + Hydrogen ion + tRNA(Val) + L-Valine > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Valyl-tRNA(Val) PW_R002831 L-Isoleucine + Adenosine triphosphate + Hydrogen ion + tRNA(Ile) + L-Isoleucine > L-Isoleucyl-tRNA(Ile) + Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate PW_R002832 L-Aspartic acid + Adenosine triphosphate + Hydrogen ion + tRNA(Asp) + L-Aspartic acid > Pyrophosphate + Adenosine monophosphate + L-aspartyl-tRNA(Asp) PW_R002834 L-Tyrosine + Adenosine triphosphate + Hydrogen ion + tRNA(Tyr) + L-Tyrosine > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-tyrosyl-tRNA(Tyr) PW_R002835 L-Tryptophan + Adenosine triphosphate + Hydrogen ion + tRNA(Trp) > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-tryptophyl-tRNA(Trp) PW_R002836 L-Phenylalanine + Adenosine triphosphate + Hydrogen ion + tRNA(Phe) + L-Phenylalanine > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-phenylalanyl-tRNA(Phe) PW_R002837 L-Asparagine + Adenosine triphosphate + Hydrogen ion + tRNA(Asn) + L-Asparagine > Pyrophosphate + Adenosine monophosphate + L-asparaginyl-tRNA(Asn) PW_R002838 L-Histidine + Adenosine triphosphate + Hydrogen ion + tRNA(His) + L-Histidine > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-histidyl-tRNA(His) PW_R002839 L-Lysine + Adenosine triphosphate + Hydrogen ion + tRNA(Lys) + L-Lysine > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Lysyl-tRNA PW_R002840 L-Methionine + Adenosine triphosphate + Hydrogen ion + tRNA(Met) > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-methionyl-tRNA(Met) PW_R002841 L-Proline + Adenosine triphosphate + Hydrogen ion + tRNA(Pro) + L-Proline > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-prolyl-tRNA(Pro) PW_R002842 L-Aspartic acid + Water + Adenosine triphosphate + L-Glutamine + L-Aspartic acid > L-Asparagine + Hydrogen ion + Adenosine monophosphate + L-Glutamic acid + Pyrophosphate + L-Asparagine + L-Glutamate PW_R002887 L-Aspartic acid + Adenosine triphosphate + Ammonium + L-Aspartic acid > L-Asparagine + Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + Hydrogen ion + L-Asparagine PW_R002888 Coenzyme A + a 2,3,4- saturated fatty acid + Adenosine triphosphate > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + a 2,3,4-saturated fatty acyl CoA  PW_R002904 Adenosine triphosphate + Coenzyme A + Capric acid > Adenosine monophosphate + Decanoyl-CoA (n-C10:0CoA) + Decanoyl-CoA (N-C10:0CoA) PW_R003759 Adenosine triphosphate + Coenzyme A + Caproic acid > Adenosine monophosphate + Hexanyl-CoA PW_R003760 Dodecanoic acid + Coenzyme A + Adenosine triphosphate > Adenosine monophosphate + Lauroyl-CoA PW_R003761 Myristic acid + Coenzyme A + Adenosine triphosphate > Adenosine monophosphate + Tetradecanoyl-CoA PW_R003762 Caprylic acid + Adenosine triphosphate + Coenzyme A > Adenosine monophosphate + Octanoyl-CoA + Octanoyl-CoA PW_R003763 Palmitic acid + Coenzyme A + Adenosine triphosphate > Adenosine monophosphate + Palmityl-CoA PW_R003764 Stearic acid + Adenosine triphosphate + Coenzyme A > Adenosine monophosphate + Stearoyl-CoA + Stearoyl-CoA PW_R003765 Dephospho-CoA + Water <> Pantetheine 4'-phosphate + Adenosine monophosphate + pantotheine 4'-phosphate PW_R002997 beta-Alanine + Adenosine triphosphate + (R)-pantoate + (R)-Pantoate > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + Hydrogen ion + Pantothenic acid + Pantothenic acid PW_R003001 beta-Alanine + Adenosine triphosphate > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + Hydrogen ion PW_R003383 Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide + Water + L-Glutamine + Adenosine triphosphate > Hydrogen ion + Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Glutamic acid + NAD + L-Glutamate PW_R003011 Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide + Adenosine triphosphate + Ammonium > Hydrogen ion + Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + NAD PW_R003012 6 Adenosine triphosphate + 3 L-Serine + 3 2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid + 3 L-Serine >6 Adenosine monophosphate + enterobactin +6 Pyrophosphate +3 Hydrogen ion PW_R003389 D-Ribose-5-phosphate + Adenosine triphosphate > Hydrogen ion + Adenosine monophosphate + Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate PW_R003406 N(6)-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)AMP + Adenylsuccinic acid > Fumaric acid + Adenosine monophosphate PW_R003425 Adenosine monophosphate > Adenosine triphosphate + Adenosine diphosphate + ADP PW_R003426 Xanthylic acid + Adenosine triphosphate + L-Glutamine + Water > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Glutamic acid +2 Hydrogen ion + Guanosine monophosphate + L-Glutamate PW_R003427 Propionic acid + Adenosine triphosphate + Coenzyme A > Propionyl-CoA + Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + Propionyl-CoA PW_R003496 Caprylic acid + a holo-[acyl-carrier protein] + Adenosine triphosphate > Octanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate PW_R003562 2-succinylbenzoate + Coenzyme A + Adenosine triphosphate + 2-Succinylbenzoate > 2-Succinylbenzoyl-CoA + Pyrophosphate + Adenosine monophosphate PW_R005221 Benzeneacetic acid + Adenosine triphosphate + Coenzyme A > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + Phenylacetyl-CoA PW_R005919 L-Carnitine + Coenzyme A + Adenosine triphosphate > D-Carnitinyl-CoA + Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate PW_R005950 (2,3-Dihydroxybenzoyl)adenylic acid + a holo-[EntB isochorismatase/aryl-carrier protein] > a 2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl-[EntB isochorismatase/aryl-carrier protein] + Adenosine monophosphate + Hydrogen ion PW_R005980 Adenosine triphosphate + Biotin + Biotin-Carboxyl Carrying Protein > Hydrogen ion + Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + Biotinylated [BCCP monomer] PW_R006041 D-Ribulose + Adenosine triphosphate > D-Ribulose-1-phosphate + Adenosine monophosphate + Hydrogen ion PW_R005955 Adenylyl-molybdopterin + Hydrogen ion + Molybdate > Adenosine monophosphate + Water + molybdenum cofactor PW_R005941 Adenine + Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate > Pyrophosphate + Adenosine monophosphate PW_R006055 [a holo citrate lyase acyl-carrier protein] + Adenosine triphosphate + Acetic acid > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + an acetyl-[holo citrate lyase acyl-carrier protein] PW_R006063 Acetic acid + Adenosine triphosphate + Coenzyme A > Pyrophosphate + Adenosine monophosphate + Acetyl-CoA PW_R006099 Adenosine triphosphate + Glycine + tRNA(Gly) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Glycyl-tRNA(Gly) + Pyrophosphate L-Threonylcarbamoyladenylate <> Adenosine monophosphate Acetic acid + Adenosine triphosphate + Coenzyme A <> Acetyl-CoA + Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate Adenosine triphosphate + L-Alanine + tRNA(Ala) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Alanyl-tRNA Adenosine triphosphate + Guanosine triphosphate <> Adenosine monophosphate + Guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate + Hydrogen ion Adenosine triphosphate + L-Proline + tRNA(Pro) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Prolyl-tRNA(Pro) L-Aspartic acid + Adenosine triphosphate + tRNA(Asp) <> Adenosine monophosphate + L-Aspartyl-tRNA(Asp) + Pyrophosphate Water + NAD <> Adenosine monophosphate +2 Hydrogen ion + Nicotinamide ribotide + NMN Adenosine triphosphate + Hydrogen selenide + Water <> Adenosine monophosphate + Phosphoroselenoic acid + Phosphate Adenosine triphosphate + Water + Pyruvic acid <> Adenosine monophosphate +2 Hydrogen ion + Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + Phosphate Adenosine triphosphate + L-Glutamine + tRNA(Gln) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + Glutaminyl-tRNA Adenosine triphosphate + L-Cysteine + tRNA(Cys) <> Adenosine monophosphate + L-Cysteinyl-tRNA(Cys) + Pyrophosphate NAD + Water <> Adenosine monophosphate + Nicotinamide ribotide Adenosine triphosphate + L-Serine + tRNA(Ser) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Seryl-tRNA(Ser) Adenylsuccinic acid <> Adenosine monophosphate + Fumaric acid Adenosine triphosphate + L-Phenylalanine + tRNA(Phe) <> Adenosine monophosphate + L-Phenylalanyl-tRNA(Phe) + Pyrophosphate Adenosine triphosphate + L-Threonine + tRNA(Thr) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Threonyl-tRNA(Thr) tRNA(Glu) + L-Glutamate + Adenosine triphosphate <> L-Glutamyl-tRNA(Glu) + Pyrophosphate + Adenosine monophosphate Adenosine triphosphate + Coenzyme A + Hydrogen ion + Palmitic acid > Adenosine monophosphate + Palmityl-CoA + Pyrophosphate Adenosine triphosphate + L-Methionine + tRNA(Met) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Methionyl-tRNA L-Aspartic acid + Adenosine triphosphate + Citrulline <> Adenosine monophosphate + Argininosuccinic acid + Hydrogen ion + Pyrophosphate Adenosine triphosphate + L-Lysine + tRNA(Lys) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Lysyl-tRNA Adenosine triphosphate + L-Glutamine + Water + Xanthylic acid > Adenosine monophosphate + L-Glutamate + Guanosine monophosphate +2 Hydrogen ion + Pyrophosphate Adenosine triphosphate + L-Histidine + tRNA(His) <> Adenosine monophosphate + L-Histidyl-tRNA(His) + Pyrophosphate Adenosine triphosphate + tRNA(Val) + L-Valine <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Valyl-tRNA(Val) Adenosine monophosphate + Water <> Adenine + D-Ribose-5-phosphate Adenosine triphosphate + L-Leucine + tRNA(Leu) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Leucyl-tRNA Adenosine triphosphate + tRNA(Tyr) + L-Tyrosine <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Tyrosyl-tRNA(Tyr) Adenosine triphosphate + tRNA(Trp) + L-Tryptophan <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Tryptophanyl-tRNA(Trp) Adenosine triphosphate + L-Isoleucine + tRNA(Ile) <> Adenosine monophosphate + L-Isoleucyl-tRNA(Ile) + Pyrophosphate Adenosine triphosphate + RNA 3'-terminal-phosphate <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + RNA terminal-2',3'-cyclic-phosphate Adenosine triphosphate + D-Ribose-5-phosphate <> Adenosine monophosphate + Hydrogen ion + Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate beta-Alanine + Adenosine triphosphate + (R)-Pantoate <> Adenosine monophosphate + Hydrogen ion + Pantothenic acid + Pyrophosphate Adenosine triphosphate + (R)-Pantoate + beta-Alanine <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate Adenosine triphosphate + Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide + Ammonia <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + NAD Adenosine diphosphate ribose + Water <> Adenosine monophosphate +2 Hydrogen ion + D-Ribose-5-phosphate L-Arginine + Adenosine triphosphate + tRNA(Arg) <> Adenosine monophosphate + L-Arginyl-tRNA(Arg) + Pyrophosphate Adenosine triphosphate + Glycine + tRNA(Gly) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Glycyl-tRNA(Gly) + Pyrophosphate Acetic acid + Adenosine triphosphate + Coenzyme A <> Acetyl-CoA + Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate Adenosine triphosphate + L-Alanine + tRNA(Ala) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Alanyl-tRNA Adenosine triphosphate + Guanosine triphosphate <> Adenosine monophosphate + Guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate + Hydrogen ion Adenosine triphosphate + L-Proline + tRNA(Pro) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Prolyl-tRNA(Pro) Water + NAD <> Adenosine monophosphate +2 Hydrogen ion + Nicotinamide ribotide + NMN Adenosine triphosphate + L-Glutamine + tRNA(Gln) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + Glutaminyl-tRNA Adenosine triphosphate + L-Serine + tRNA(Ser) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Seryl-tRNA(Ser) Adenosine triphosphate + L-Phenylalanine + tRNA(Phe) <> Adenosine monophosphate + L-Phenylalanyl-tRNA(Phe) + Pyrophosphate Adenosine triphosphate + Coenzyme A + Hydrogen ion + Palmitic acid > Adenosine monophosphate + Palmityl-CoA + Pyrophosphate Adenosine triphosphate + L-Methionine + tRNA(Met) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Methionyl-tRNA L-Aspartic acid + Adenosine triphosphate + Citrulline <> Adenosine monophosphate + Argininosuccinic acid + Hydrogen ion + Pyrophosphate Adenosine triphosphate + L-Lysine + tRNA(Lys) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Lysyl-tRNA Adenosine triphosphate + L-Glutamine + Water + Xanthylic acid > Adenosine monophosphate + L-Glutamate + Guanosine monophosphate +2 Hydrogen ion + Pyrophosphate Adenosine triphosphate + L-Histidine + tRNA(His) <> Adenosine monophosphate + L-Histidyl-tRNA(His) + Pyrophosphate Adenosine triphosphate + L-Leucine + tRNA(Leu) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Leucyl-tRNA Adenosine triphosphate + tRNA(Tyr) + L-Tyrosine <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Tyrosyl-tRNA(Tyr) Adenosine triphosphate + tRNA(Trp) + L-Tryptophan <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Tryptophanyl-tRNA(Trp) Adenosine triphosphate + L-Isoleucine + tRNA(Ile) <> Adenosine monophosphate + L-Isoleucyl-tRNA(Ile) + Pyrophosphate Adenosine triphosphate + RNA 3'-terminal-phosphate <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + RNA terminal-2',3'-cyclic-phosphate beta-Alanine + Adenosine triphosphate + (R)-Pantoate <> Adenosine monophosphate + Hydrogen ion + Pantothenic acid + Pyrophosphate L-Arginine + Adenosine triphosphate + tRNA(Arg) <> Adenosine monophosphate + L-Arginyl-tRNA(Arg) + Pyrophosphate 0.2 g/L NH4Cl, 2.0 g/L (NH4)2SO4, 3.25 g/L KH2PO4, 2.5 g/L K2HPO4, 1.5 g/L NaH2PO4, 0.5 g/L MgSO4; trace substances: 10 mg/L CaCl2, 0.5 mg/L ZnSO4, 0.25 mg/L CuCl2, 0.25 mg/L MnSO4, 0.175 mg/L CoCl2, 0.125 mg/L H3BO3, 2.5 mg/L AlCl3, 0.5 mg/L Na2MoO4, 10 Bioreactor, pH controlled, aerated, dilution rate=0.125 L/h 2510.0 uM 183.0 37 oC K12 Stationary Phase, glucose limited 10040000 732000 Buchholz, A., Takors, R., Wandrey, C. (2001). "Quantification of intracellular metabolites in Escherichia coli K12 using liquid chromatographic-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric techniques." Anal Biochem 295:129-137. 11488613 Gutnick minimal complete medium (4.7 g/L KH2PO4; 13.5 g/L K2HPO4; 1 g/L K2SO4; 0.1 g/L MgSO4-7H2O; 10 mM NH4Cl) with 4 g/L glucose Shake flask and filter culture 281.0 uM 0.0 37 oC K12 NCM3722 Mid-Log Phase 1124000 0 Bennett, B. D., Kimball, E. H., Gao, M., Osterhout, R., Van Dien, S. J., Rabinowitz, J. D. (2009). "Absolute metabolite concentrations and implied enzyme active site occupancy in Escherichia coli." Nat Chem Biol 5:593-599. 19561621 Gutnick minimal complete medium (4.7 g/L KH2PO4; 13.5 g/L K2HPO4; 1 g/L K2SO4; 0.1 g/L MgSO4-7H2O; 10 mM NH4Cl) with 4 g/L glycerol Shake flask and filter culture 156.0 uM 0.0 37 oC K12 NCM3722 Mid-Log Phase 624000 0 Bennett, B. D., Kimball, E. H., Gao, M., Osterhout, R., Van Dien, S. J., Rabinowitz, J. D. (2009). "Absolute metabolite concentrations and implied enzyme active site occupancy in Escherichia coli." Nat Chem Biol 5:593-599. 19561621 Gutnick minimal complete medium (4.7 g/L KH2PO4; 13.5 g/L K2HPO4; 1 g/L K2SO4; 0.1 g/L MgSO4-7H2O; 10 mM NH4Cl) with 4 g/L acetate Shake flask and filter culture 101.0 uM 0.0 37 oC K12 NCM3722 Mid-Log Phase 404000 0 Bennett, B. D., Kimball, E. H., Gao, M., Osterhout, R., Van Dien, S. J., Rabinowitz, J. D. (2009). "Absolute metabolite concentrations and implied enzyme active site occupancy in Escherichia coli." Nat Chem Biol 5:593-599. 19561621 48 mM Na2HPO4, 22 mM KH2PO4, 10 mM NaCl, 45 mM (NH4)2SO4, supplemented with 1 mM MgSO4, 1 mg/l thiamine·HCl, 5.6 mg/l CaCl2, 8 mg/l FeCl3, 1 mg/l MnCl2·4H2O, 1.7 mg/l ZnCl2, 0.43 mg/l CuCl2·2H2O, 0.6 mg/l CoCl2·2H2O and 0.6 mg/l Na2MoO4·2H2O. 4 g/L Gluco Bioreactor, pH controlled, O2 and CO2 controlled, dilution rate: 0.2/h 700.0 uM 0.0 37 oC BW25113 Stationary Phase, glucose limited 2800000 0 Ishii, N., Nakahigashi, K., Baba, T., Robert, M., Soga, T., Kanai, A., Hirasawa, T., Naba, M., Hirai, K., Hoque, A., Ho, P. Y., Kakazu, Y., Sugawara, K., Igarashi, S., Harada, S., Masuda, T., Sugiyama, N., Togashi, T., Hasegawa, M., Takai, Y., Yugi, K., Arakawa, K., Iwata, N., Toya, Y., Nakayama, Y., Nishioka, T., Shimizu, K., Mori, H., Tomita, M. (2007). "Multiple high-throughput analyses monitor the response of E. coli to perturbations." Science 316:593-597. 17379776