2.0 2012-05-31 09:57:49 -0600 2015-09-13 12:56:06 -0600 ECMDB00123 M2MDB000046 Glycine Glycine is a simple amino acid. The glycine cleavage enzyme system comprises four proteins: P-, T-, H- and L-proteins (EC 1.4.4.2, EC 2.1.2.10 and EC 1.8.1.4 for P-, T- and L-proteins). The glycine cleavage system catalyses the oxidative conversion of glycine into carbon dioxide and ammonia, with the remaining one-carbon unit transferred to folate as methylenetetrahydrofolate. It is the main catabolic pathway for glycine and it also contributes to one-carbon metabolism. 2-Aminoacetate 2-Aminoacetic acid Aciport Amino-Acetate Amino-Acetic acid Aminoacetate Aminoacetic acid Aminoethanoate Aminoethanoic acid G Glicoamin Gly Glycocoll Glycolixir Glycosthene Gyn-Hydralin Padil C2H5NO2 75.0666 75.032028409 2-aminoacetic acid glycine 56-40-6 NCC(O)=O InChI=1S/C2H5NO2/c3-1-2(4)5/h1,3H2,(H,4,5) DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Solid Cytosol Extra-organism Periplasm logp -3.34 ALOGPS logs 0.87 ALOGPS solubility 5.52e+02 g/l ALOGPS melting_point 504 deg F logp -3.4 ChemAxon pka_strongest_acidic 2.31 ChemAxon pka_strongest_basic 9.24 ChemAxon iupac 2-aminoacetic acid ChemAxon average_mass 75.0666 ChemAxon mono_mass 75.032028409 ChemAxon smiles NCC(O)=O ChemAxon formula C2H5NO2 ChemAxon inchi InChI=1S/C2H5NO2/c3-1-2(4)5/h1,3H2,(H,4,5) ChemAxon inchikey DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ChemAxon polar_surface_area 63.32 ChemAxon refractivity 16 ChemAxon polarizability 6.65 ChemAxon rotatable_bond_count 1 ChemAxon acceptor_count 3 ChemAxon donor_count 2 ChemAxon physiological_charge 0 ChemAxon formal_charge 0 ChemAxon Glutathione metabolism The biosynthesis of glutathione starts with the introduction of L-glutamic acid through either a glutamate:sodium symporter, glutamate / aspartate : H+ symporter GltP or a glutamate / aspartate ABC transporter. Once in the cytoplasm, L-glutamice acid reacts with L-cysteine through an ATP glutamate-cysteine ligase resulting in gamma-glutamylcysteine. This compound reacts which Glycine through an ATP driven glutathione synthetase thus catabolizing Glutathione. This compound is metabolized through a spontaneous reaction with an oxidized glutaredoxin resulting in a reduced glutaredoxin and an oxidized glutathione. This compound is reduced by a NADPH glutathione reductase resulting in a glutathione. PW000833 ec00480 Metabolic Nitrogen metabolism The biological process of the nitrogen cycle is a complex interplay among many microorganisms catalyzing different reactions, where nitrogen is found in various oxidation states ranging from +5 in nitrate to -3 in ammonia. The ability of fixing atmospheric nitrogen by the nitrogenase enzyme complex is present in restricted prokaryotes (diazotrophs). The other reduction pathways are assimilatory nitrate reduction and dissimilatory nitrate reduction both for conversion to ammonia, and denitrification. Denitrification is a respiration in which nitrate or nitrite is reduced as a terminal electron acceptor under low oxygen or anoxic conditions, producing gaseous nitrogen compounds (N2, NO and N2O) to the atmosphere. Nitrate can be introduced into the cytoplasm through a nitrate:nitrite antiporter NarK or a nitrate / nitrite transporter NarU. Nitrate is then reduced by a Nitrate Reductase resulting in the release of water, an acceptor and a Nitrite. Nitrite can also be introduced into the cytoplasm through a nitrate:nitrite antiporter NarK Nitrite can be reduced a NADPH dependent nitrite reductase resulting in water and NAD and Ammonia. Nitrite can interact with hydrogen ion, ferrocytochrome c through a cytochrome c-552 ferricytochrome resulting in the release of ferricytochrome c, water and ammonia Another process by which ammonia is produced is by a reversible reaction of hydroxylamine with a reduced acceptor through a hydroxylamine reductase resulting in an acceptor, water and ammonia. Water and carbon dioxide react through a carbonate dehydratase resulting in carbamic acid. This compound reacts spontaneously with hydrogen ion resulting in the release of carbon dioxide and ammonia. Carbon dioxide can interact with water through a carbonic anhydrase resulting in hydrogen carbonate. This compound interacts with cyanate and hydrogen ion through a cyanate hydratase resulting in a carbamic acid. Ammonia can be metabolized by reacting with L-glutamine and ATP driven glutamine synthetase resulting in ADP, phosphate and L-glutamine. The latter compound reacts with oxoglutaric acid and hydrogen ion through a NADPH dependent glutamate synthase resulting in the release of NADP and L-glutamic acid. L-glutamic acid reacts with water through a NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase resulting in the release of oxoglutaric acid, NADPH, hydrogen ion and ammonia. PW000755 ec00910 Metabolic Purine metabolism ec00230 Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism ec00260 Cyanoamino acid metabolism ec00460 Methane metabolism ec00680 Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis ec00970 Porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism ec00860 Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism ec00630 One carbon pool by folate Dihydrofolic acid, a product of the folate biosynthesis pathway, can be metabolized by multiple enzymes. Dihydrofolic acid can be reduced by a NADP-driven dihydrofolate reductase resulting in a NADPH, hydrogen ion and folic acid. Dihydrofolic acid can also be reduced by an NADPH-driven dihydrofolate reductase resulting in a NADP and a tetrahydrofolic acid. Folic acid can also produce a tetrahydrofolic acid through a NADPH-driven dihydrofolate reductase. Dihydrofolic acid also interacts with 5-thymidylic acid through a thymidylate synthase resulting in the release of dUMP and 5,10-methylene-THF Tetrahydrofolic acid can be converted into 5,10-methylene-THF through two different reversible reactions. Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with a S-Aminomethyldihydrolipoylprotein through a aminomethyltransferase resulting in the release of ammonia, a dihydrolipoylprotein and 5,10-Methylene-THF Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with L-serine through a glycine hydroxymethyltransferase resulting in a glycine, water and 5,10-Methylene-THF. The compound 5,10-methylene-THF reacts with an NADPH dependent methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase [NAD(P)H] resulting in NADP and 5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid. This compound interacts with homocysteine through a methionine synthase resulting in L-methionine and tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid can be metabolized into 10-formyltetrahydrofolate through 4 different enzymes: 1.- Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with FAICAR through a phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase resulting in a 1-(5'-Phosphoribosyl)-5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide and a 10-formyltetrahydrofolate 2.-Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with 5'-Phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycinamide through a phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase 2 resulting in a Glycineamideribotide and a 10-formyltetrahydrofolate 3.-Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with Formic acid through a formyltetrahydrofolate hydrolase resulting in water and a 10-formyltetrahydrofolate 4.-Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with N-formylmethionyl-tRNA(fMet) through a 10-formyltetrahydrofolate:L-methionyl-tRNA(fMet) N-formyltransferase resulting in a L-methionyl-tRNA(Met) and a 10-formyltetrahydrofolate 10-formyltetrahydrofolate can interact with a hydrogen ion through a bifunctional 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase resulting in water and 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid can be metabolized into 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolic acid by reacting with a 5'-phosphoribosyl-a-N-formylglycineamidine through a phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase 2 resulting in water, glycineamideribotide and 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolic acid. The latter compound can either interact with water through an aminomethyltransferase resulting in a N5-Formyl-THF, or it can interact with a NADPH driven bifunctional 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase resulting in a NADP and 5,10-Methylene THF. PW000773 ec00670 Metabolic Thiamine metabolism ec00730 Lysine degradation ec00310 Microbial metabolism in diverse environments ec01120 ABC transporters ec02010 Metabolic pathways eco01100 GLYCINE BIOSYNTHESIS One step pathway for glycine biosynthesis dependent on L-serine, is a major source of one-carbon units in the form of 5,10-methylene tetrahydrofolate. L-serine is enters cell through transporters (serine / threonine:H+ symporter TdcC, serine/threonine: Na symporter , serine:H+ symporter SdaC ) and then proceeds through reversible reaction with a tetrahydrofolic acid through a serine hydroxymethyltransferase enzyme in order to produce glycine, 5,10-methylene tetrahydrofolate and water PW000808 Metabolic One Carbon Pool by Folate I Dihydrofolic acid, a product of the folate biosynthesis pathway, can be metabolized by multiple enzymes. Dihydrofolic acid can be reduced by a NADP-driven dihydrofolate reductase resulting in a NADPH, hydrogen ion and folic acid. Dihydrofolic acid can also be reduced by an NADPH-driven dihydrofolate reductase resulting in a NADP and a tetrahydrofolic acid. Folic acid can also produce a tetrahydrofolic acid through a NADPH-driven dihydrofolate reductase. Dihydrofolic acid also interacts with 5-thymidylic acid through a thymidylate synthase resulting in the release of dUMP and 5,10-methylene-THF Tetrahydrofolic acid can be converted into 5,10-methylene-THF through two different reversible reactions. Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with a S-Aminomethyldihydrolipoylprotein through a aminomethyltransferase resulting in the release of ammonia, a dihydrolipoylprotein and 5,10-Methylene-THF Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with L-serine through a glycine hydroxymethyltransferase resulting in a glycine, water and 5,10-Methylene-THF. The compound 5,10-methylene-THF reacts with an NADPH dependent methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase [NAD(P)H] resulting in NADP and 5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid. This compound interacts with homocysteine through a methionine synthase resulting in L-methionine and tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid can be metabolized into 10-formyltetrahydrofolate through 4 different enzymes: 1.- Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with FAICAR through a phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase resulting in a 1-(5'-Phosphoribosyl)-5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide and a 10-formyltetrahydrofolate 2.-Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with 5'-Phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycinamide through a phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase 2 resulting in a Glycineamideribotide and a 10-formyltetrahydrofolate 3.-Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with Formic acid through a formyltetrahydrofolate hydrolase resulting in water and a 10-formyltetrahydrofolate 4.-Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with N-formylmethionyl-tRNA(fMet) through a 10-formyltetrahydrofolate:L-methionyl-tRNA(fMet) N-formyltransferase resulting in a L-methionyl-tRNA(Met) and a 10-formyltetrahydrofolate 10-formyltetrahydrofolate can interact with a hydrogen ion through a bifunctional 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase resulting in water and 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid can be metabolized into 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolic acid by reacting with a 5'-phosphoribosyl-a-N-formylglycineamidine through a phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase 2 resulting in water, glycineamideribotide and 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolic acid. The latter compound can either interact with water through an aminomethyltransferase resulting in a N5-Formyl-THF, or it can interact with a NADPH driven bifunctional 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase resulting in a NADP and 5,10-Methylene THF. PW001735 Metabolic inner membrane transport list of inner membrane transport complexes, transporting compounds from the periplasmic space to the cytosol This pathway should be updated regularly with the new inner membrae transports added PW000786 Metabolic purine nucleotides de novo biosynthesis The biosynthesis of purine nucleotides is a complex process that begins with a phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate. This compound interacts with water and L-glutamine through a amidophosphoribosyl transferase resulting in a pyrophosphate, L-glutamic acid and a 5-phosphoribosylamine. The latter compound proceeds to interact with a glycine through an ATP driven phosphoribosylamine-glycine ligase resulting in the addition of glycine to the compound. This reaction releases an ADP, a phosphate, a hydrogen ion and a N1-(5-phospho-β-D-ribosyl)glycinamide. The latter compound interacts with formic acid, through an ATP driven phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase 2 resulting in a phosphate, an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a 5-phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycinamide. The latter compound interacts with L-glutamine, and water through an ATP-driven phosphoribosylformylglycinamide synthetase resulting in a release of a phosphate, an ADP, a hydrogen ion, a L-glutamic acid and a 2-(formamido)-N1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)acetamidine. The latter compound interacts with an ATP driven phosphoribosylformylglycinamide cyclo-ligase resulting in a release of ADP, a phosphate, a hydrogen ion and a 5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide. The latter compound interacts with a hydrogen carbonate through an ATP driven N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase resulting in a release of a phosphate, an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide.The latter compound then interacts with a N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide mutase resulting in a 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate. This compound interacts with an L-aspartic acid through an ATP driven phosphoribosylaminoimidazole-succinocarboxamide synthase resulting in a phosphate, an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a SAICAR. SAICAR interacts with an adenylosuccinate lyase resulting in a fumaric acid and an AICAR. AICAR interacts with a formyltetrahydrofolate through a AICAR transformylase / IMP cyclohydrolase resulting in a release of a tetrahydropterol mono-l-glutamate and a FAICAR. The latter compound, FAICAR, interacts in a reversible reaction through a AICAR transformylase / IMP cyclohydrolase resulting in a release of water and Inosinic acid. Inosinic acid can be metabolized to produce dGTP and dATP three different methods each. dGTP: Inosinic acid, water and NAD are processed by IMP dehydrogenase resulting in a release of NADH, a hydrogen ion and Xanthylic acid. Xanthylic acid interacts with L-glutamine, and water through an ATP driven GMP synthetase resulting in pyrophosphate, AMP, L-glutamic acid, a hydrogen ion and Guanosine monophosphate. The latter compound is the phosphorylated by reacting with an ATP driven guanylate kinase resulting in a release of ADP and a Gaunosine diphosphate. Guanosine diphosphate can be metabolized in three different ways: 1.-Guanosine diphosphate is phosphorylated by an ATP-driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and a Guanosine triphosphate. This compound interacts with a reduced flavodoxin protein through a ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductase resulting in a oxidized flavodoxin a water moleculer and a dGTP 2.-Guanosine diphosphate interacts with a reduced NrdH glutaredoxin-like proteins through a ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase 2 resulting in the release of an oxidized NrdH glutaredoxin-like protein, a water molecule and a dGDP. The dGDP is then phosphorylated by interacting with an ATP-driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and dGTP. 3.-Guanosine diphosphate interacts with a reduced thioredoxin ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase 1 resulting in a release of a water molecule, an oxidized thioredoxin and a dGDP. The dGDP is then phosphorylated by interacting with an ATP-driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and dGTP. dATP: Inosinic acid interacts with L-aspartic acid through an GTP driven adenylosuccinate synthase results in the release of GDP, a hydrogen ion, a phosphate and N(6)-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)AMP. The latter compound is then cleaved by a adenylosuccinate lyase resulting in a fumaric acid and an Adenosine monophosphate. This compound is then phosphorylated by an adenylate kinase resulting in the release of ATP and an adenosine diphosphate. Adenosine diphosphate can be metabolized in three different ways: 1.-Adenosine diphosphate is involved in a reversible reaction by interacting with a hydrogen ion and a phosphate through a ATP synthase / thiamin triphosphate synthase resulting in a hydrogen ion, a water molecule and an Adenosine triphosphate. The adenosine triphosphate interacts with a reduced flavodoxin through a ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductase resulting in an oxidized flavodoxin, a water molecule and a dATP 2.- Adenosine diphosphate interacts with an reduced thioredoxin through a ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase 1 resulting in a release of a water molecule, a oxidized thioredoxin and a dADP. The dADP is then phosphorylated by a nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in the release of ADP and a dATP 3.- Adenosine diphosphate interacts with an reduced NrdH glutaredoxin-like protein through a ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase 2 resulting in a release of a water molecule, a oxidized glutaredoxin-like protein and a dADP. The dADP is then phosphorylated by a nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in the release of ADP and a dATP PW000910 Metabolic purine nucleotides de novo biosynthesis 1435709748 PW000960 Metabolic tRNA Charging 2 This pathway groups together all E. coli tRNA charging reactions. PW000803 Metabolic tRNA charging This pathway groups together all E. coli tRNA charging reactions. PW000799 Metabolic threonine biosynthesis The biosynthesis of threonine starts with oxalacetic acid interacting with an L-glutamic acid through an aspartate aminotransferase resulting in a oxoglutaric acid and an L-aspartic acid. The latter compound is then phosphorylated by an ATP driven Aspartate kinase resulting in an a release of an ADP and an L-aspartyl-4-phosphate. This compound interacts with a hydrogen ion through an NADPH driven aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase resulting in the release of a phosphate, an NADP and a L-aspartate-semialdehyde.The latter compound interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven aspartate kinase / homoserine dehydrogenase resulting in the release of an NADP and a L-homoserine. L-homoserine is phosphorylated through an ATP driven homoserine kinase resulting in the release of an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a O-phosphohomoserine. The latter compound then interacts with a water molecule threonine synthase resulting in the release of a phosphate and an L-threonine. PW000817 Metabolic glutathione metabolism II The biosynthesis of glutathione starts with the introduction of L-glutamic acid through either a glutamate:sodium symporter, glutamate / aspartate : H+ symporter GltP or a glutamate / aspartate ABC transporter. Once in the cytoplasm, L-glutamice acid reacts with L-cysteine through an ATP glutamate-cysteine ligase resulting in gamma-glutamylcysteine. This compound reacts which Glycine through an ATP driven glutathione synthetase thus catabolizing Glutathione. This compound is metabolized through a spontaneous reaction with an oxidized glutaredoxin resulting in a reduced glutaredoxin and an oxidized glutathione. This compound is reduced by a NADPH glutathione reductase resulting in a glutathione. Glutathione can then be degraded into various different glutathione containg compounds by reacting with a napthalene through a glutathione S-transferase PW001927 Metabolic glutathione metabolism III The biosynthesis of glutathione starts with the introduction of L-glutamic acid through either a glutamate:sodium symporter, glutamate / aspartate : H+ symporter GltP or a glutamate / aspartate ABC transporter. Once in the cytoplasm, L-glutamice acid reacts with L-cysteine through an ATP glutamate-cysteine ligase resulting in gamma-glutamylcysteine. This compound reacts which Glycine through an ATP driven glutathione synthetase thus catabolizing Glutathione. This compound is metabolized through a spontaneous reaction with an oxidized glutaredoxin resulting in a reduced glutaredoxin and an oxidized glutathione. This compound is reduced by a NADPH glutathione reductase resulting in a glutathione. PW002018 Metabolic Thiamin diphosphate biosynthesis PW002028 Metabolic purine nucleotides de novo biosynthesis 2 The biosynthesis of purine nucleotides is a complex process that begins with a phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate. This compound interacts with water and L-glutamine through a amidophosphoribosyl transferase resulting in a pyrophosphate, L-glutamic acid and a 5-phosphoribosylamine. The latter compound proceeds to interact with a glycine through an ATP driven phosphoribosylamine-glycine ligase resulting in the addition of glycine to the compound. This reaction releases an ADP, a phosphate, a hydrogen ion and a N1-(5-phospho-β-D-ribosyl)glycinamide. The latter compound interacts with formic acid, through an ATP driven phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase 2 resulting in a phosphate, an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a 5-phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycinamide. The latter compound interacts with L-glutamine, and water through an ATP-driven phosphoribosylformylglycinamide synthetase resulting in a release of a phosphate, an ADP, a hydrogen ion, a L-glutamic acid and a 2-(formamido)-N1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)acetamidine. The latter compound interacts with an ATP driven phosphoribosylformylglycinamide cyclo-ligase resulting in a release of ADP, a phosphate, a hydrogen ion and a 5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide. The latter compound interacts with a hydrogen carbonate through an ATP driven N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase resulting in a release of a phosphate, an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide(5-Phosphoribosyl-5-carboxyaminoimidazole).The latter compound then interacts with a N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide mutase resulting in a 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate. This compound interacts with an L-aspartic acid through an ATP driven phosphoribosylaminoimidazole-succinocarboxamide synthase resulting in a phosphate, an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a SAICAR. SAICAR interacts with an adenylosuccinate lyase resulting in a fumaric acid and an AICAR. AICAR interacts with a formyltetrahydrofolate through a AICAR transformylase / IMP cyclohydrolase resulting in a release of a tetrahydropterol mono-l-glutamate and a FAICAR. The latter compound, FAICAR, interacts in a reversible reaction through a AICAR transformylase / IMP cyclohydrolase resulting in a release of water and Inosinic acid. Inosinic acid can be metabolized to produce dGTP and dATP three different methods each. dGTP: Inosinic acid, water and NAD are processed by IMP dehydrogenase resulting in a release of NADH, a hydrogen ion and Xanthylic acid. Xanthylic acid interacts with L-glutamine, and water through an ATP driven GMP synthetase resulting in pyrophosphate, AMP, L-glutamic acid, a hydrogen ion and Guanosine monophosphate. The latter compound is the phosphorylated by reacting with an ATP driven guanylate kinase resulting in a release of ADP and a Gaunosine diphosphate. Guanosine diphosphate can be metabolized in three different ways: 1.-Guanosine diphosphate is phosphorylated by an ATP-driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and a Guanosine triphosphate. This compound interacts with a reduced flavodoxin protein through a ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductase resulting in a oxidized flavodoxin a water moleculer and a dGTP 2.-Guanosine diphosphate interacts with a reduced NrdH glutaredoxin-like proteins through a ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase 2 resulting in the release of an oxidized NrdH glutaredoxin-like protein, a water molecule and a dGDP. The dGDP is then phosphorylated by interacting with an ATP-driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and dGTP. 3.-Guanosine diphosphate interacts with a reduced thioredoxin ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase 1 resulting in a release of a water molecule, an oxidized thioredoxin and a dGDP. The dGDP is then phosphorylated by interacting with an ATP-driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and dGTP. dATP: Inosinic acid interacts with L-aspartic acid through an GTP driven adenylosuccinate synthase results in the release of GDP, a hydrogen ion, a phosphate and N(6)-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)AMP. The latter compound is then cleaved by a adenylosuccinate lyase resulting in a fumaric acid and an Adenosine monophosphate. This compound is then phosphorylated by an adenylate kinase resulting in the release of ATP and an adenosine diphosphate. Adenosine diphosphate can be metabolized in three different ways: 1.-Adenosine diphosphate is involved in a reversible reaction by interacting with a hydrogen ion and a phosphate through a ATP synthase / thiamin triphosphate synthase resulting in a hydrogen ion, a water molecule and an Adenosine triphosphate. The adenosine triphosphate interacts with a reduced flavodoxin through a ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductase resulting in an oxidized flavodoxin, a water molecule and a dATP 2.- Adenosine diphosphate interacts with an reduced thioredoxin through a ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase 1 resulting in a release of a water molecule, a oxidized thioredoxin and a dADP. The dADP is then phosphorylated by a nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in the release of ADP and a dATP 3.- Adenosine diphosphate interacts with an reduced NrdH glutaredoxin-like protein through a ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase 2 resulting in a release of a water molecule, a oxidized glutaredoxin-like protein and a dADP. The dADP is then phosphorylated by a nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in the release of ADP and a dATP PW002033 Metabolic tRNA charging TRNA-CHARGING-PWY formylTHF biosynthesis I 1CMET2-PWY glycine cleavage complex GLYCLEAV-PWY superpathway of serine and glycine biosynthesis I GLYSYN-PWY folate polyglutamylation PWY-2161 threonine degradation II THREONINE-DEG2-PWY threonine degradation IV PWY-5436 glutathione biosynthesis GLUTATHIONESYN-PWY superpathway of 5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide biosynthesis PWY-6277 5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide biosynthesis I PWY-6121 5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide biosynthesis II PWY-6122 Specdb::CMs 338 Specdb::CMs 339 Specdb::CMs 340 Specdb::CMs 926 Specdb::CMs 1034 Specdb::CMs 2814 Specdb::CMs 28766 Specdb::CMs 30056 Specdb::CMs 30058 Specdb::CMs 30355 Specdb::CMs 30559 Specdb::CMs 30724 Specdb::CMs 30755 Specdb::CMs 31010 Specdb::CMs 31011 Specdb::CMs 31909 Specdb::CMs 32265 Specdb::CMs 32378 Specdb::CMs 37305 Specdb::CMs 151252 Specdb::CMs 1050550 Specdb::CMs 1050552 Specdb::CMs 1050553 Specdb::EiMs 629 Specdb::NmrOneD 1094 Specdb::NmrOneD 1153 Specdb::NmrOneD 2467 Specdb::NmrOneD 3160 Specdb::NmrOneD 4726 Specdb::NmrOneD 142330 Specdb::NmrOneD 142331 Specdb::NmrOneD 142332 Specdb::NmrOneD 142333 Specdb::NmrOneD 142334 Specdb::NmrOneD 142335 Specdb::NmrOneD 142336 Specdb::NmrOneD 142337 Specdb::NmrOneD 142338 Specdb::NmrOneD 142339 Specdb::NmrOneD 142340 Specdb::NmrOneD 142341 Specdb::NmrOneD 142342 Specdb::NmrOneD 142343 Specdb::NmrOneD 142344 Specdb::NmrOneD 142345 Specdb::NmrOneD 142346 Specdb::NmrOneD 142347 Specdb::NmrOneD 142348 Specdb::NmrOneD 142349 Specdb::MsMs 180 Specdb::MsMs 181 Specdb::MsMs 182 Specdb::MsMs 2922 Specdb::MsMs 2923 Specdb::MsMs 2924 Specdb::MsMs 2925 Specdb::MsMs 2926 Specdb::MsMs 2927 Specdb::MsMs 2928 Specdb::MsMs 2929 Specdb::MsMs 2930 Specdb::MsMs 2934 Specdb::MsMs 7325 Specdb::MsMs 7326 Specdb::MsMs 7327 Specdb::MsMs 13997 Specdb::MsMs 13998 Specdb::MsMs 13999 Specdb::MsMs 374161 Specdb::MsMs 437677 Specdb::MsMs 437678 Specdb::MsMs 437679 Specdb::MsMs 440029 Specdb::MsMs 446181 Specdb::NmrTwoD 959 Specdb::NmrTwoD 1152 HMDB00123 750 730 C00037 15428 GLY GLY_LFZW Glycine Keseler, I. 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Journal of the Chemical Society (1929), 2163-6. http://hmdb.ca/system/metabolites/msds/000/000/084/original/HMDB00123.pdf?1358894433 Glycyl-tRNA synthetase alpha subunit P00960 SYGA_ECOLI glyQ http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P00960.xml Glycyl-tRNA synthetase beta subunit P00961 SYGB_ECOLI glyS http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P00961.xml Glutathione synthetase P04425 GSHB_ECOLI gshB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P04425.xml Aminopeptidase N P04825 AMPN_ECOLI pepN http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P04825.xml Serine hydroxymethyltransferase P0A825 GLYA_ECOLI glyA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A825.xml Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase P0A9P0 DLDH_ECOLI lpdA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A9P0.xml 2-amino-3-ketobutyrate coenzyme A ligase P0AB77 KBL_ECOLI kbl http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AB77.xml Aminoacyl-histidine dipeptidase P15288 PEPD_ECOLI pepD http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P15288.xml Phosphoribosylamine--glycine ligase P15640 PUR2_ECOLI purD http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P15640.xml Aminomethyltransferase P27248 GCST_ECOLI gcvT http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P27248.xml Glycine dehydrogenase [decarboxylating] P33195 GCSP_ECOLI gcvP http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P33195.xml Peptidase B P37095 PEPB_ECOLI pepB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P37095.xml Cytosol aminopeptidase P68767 AMPA_ECOLI pepA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P68767.xml Low specificity L-threonine aldolase P75823 LTAE_ECOLI ltaE http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P75823.xml N-methyl-L-tryptophan oxidase P40874 MTOX_ECOLI solA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P40874.xml Glycine cleavage system H protein P0A6T9 GCSH_ECOLI gcvH http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A6T9.xml Aminopeptidase N P04825 AMPN_ECOLI pepN http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P04825.xml Uncharacterized transporter yaaJ P30143 YAAJ_ECOLI yaaJ http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P30143.xml Uncharacterized amino-acid ABC transporter ATP-binding protein yecC P37774 YECC_ECOLI yecC http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P37774.xml Inner membrane amino-acid ABC transporter permease protein yecS P0AFT2 YECS_ECOLI yecS http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AFT2.xml D-serine/D-alanine/glycine transporter P0AAE0 CYCA_ECOLI cycA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AAE0.xml Uncharacterized transporter YeaV P0ABD1 YEAV_ECOLI yeaV http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0ABD1.xml Outer membrane protein N P77747 OMPN_ECOLI ompN http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P77747.xml Outer membrane pore protein E P02932 PHOE_ECOLI phoE http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P02932.xml Outer membrane protein F P02931 OMPF_ECOLI ompF http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P02931.xml Outer membrane protein C P06996 OMPC_ECOLI ompC http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P06996.xml Cysteinylglycine + Water > L-Cysteine + Glycine R00899 RXN-6622 L-Threonine <> Acetaldehyde + Glycine R00751 THREONINE-ALDOLASE-RXN L-Allothreonine > Acetaldehyde + Glycine R06171 LTAA-RXN Glycine + NAD + Tetrahydrofolic acid > Carbon dioxide + 5,10-Methylene-THF + NADH + Ammonium Adenosine triphosphate + Glycine + tRNA(Gly) + tRNA(Gly) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Glycyl-tRNA(Gly) + Pyrophosphate + Glycyl-tRNA(Gly) R03654 Water + L-Prolinylglycine > Glycine + L-Proline Water + Oxygen + Sarcosine > Formaldehyde + Glycine + Hydrogen peroxide L-Serine + Tetrahydrofolic acid <> Glycine + Water + 5,10-Methylene-THF R00945 GLYOHMETRANS-RXN Adenosine triphosphate + gamma-Glutamylcysteine + Glycine <> ADP + Glutathione + Hydrogen ion + Phosphate R00497 GLUTATHIONE-SYN-RXN Acetyl-CoA + Glycine <> L-2-Amino-3-oxobutanoic acid + Coenzyme A R00371 AKBLIG-RXN Adenosine triphosphate + Glycine + 5-Phosphoribosylamine <> ADP + Glycineamideribotide + Hydrogen ion + Phosphate R04144 GLYRIBONUCSYN-RXN Adenosine triphosphate + gamma-Glutamylcysteine + Glycine <> ADP + Phosphate + Glutathione R00497 Cysteinylglycine + Water <> L-Cysteine + Glycine R00899 5,10-Methylene-THF + Glycine + Water <> Tetrahydrofolic acid + L-Serine R00945 GLYOHMETRANS-RXN Glycine + Tetrahydrofolic acid + NAD <> 5,10-Methylene-THF + Ammonia + Carbon dioxide + NADH + Hydrogen ion R01221 Glycine + Lipoylprotein <> S-Aminomethyldihydrolipoylprotein + Carbon dioxide R03425 Adenosine triphosphate + Glycine + tRNA(Gly) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + Glycyl-tRNA(Gly) R03654 Adenosine triphosphate + 5-Phosphoribosylamine + Glycine <> ADP + Phosphate + Glycineamideribotide R04144 R-S-Cysteinylglycine + Water <> S-Substituted L-cysteine + Glycine R04951 L-Allothreonine <> Glycine + Acetaldehyde R06171 L-Serine + 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydromethanopterin <> 5,10-Methylenetetrahydromethanopterin + Glycine + Water R09099 NAD + Glycine + Tetrahydrofolic acid > Hydrogen ion + 5,10-Methylene-THF + Ammonia + Carbon dioxide + NADH R01221 GCVMULTI-RXN Glycine + Acetyl-CoA <> Hydrogen ion + L-2-Amino-3-oxobutanoic acid + Coenzyme A AKBLIG-RXN Glycine + gamma-Glutamylcysteine + Adenosine triphosphate > Hydrogen ion + Glutathione + Phosphate + ADP GLUTATHIONE-SYN-RXN L-<i>threo</i>-3-phenylserine benzaldehyde + Glycine PHENYLSERINE-ALDOLASE-RXN DL-allothreonine <> Acetaldehyde + Glycine RXN0-5234 4-Hydroxy-L-threonine <> Glycolaldehyde + Glycine RXN0-6563 gly-met + Water > Glycine + L-Methionine RXN0-6974 ala-gly + Water > L-Alanine + Glycine RXN0-6977 gly-asn + Water > Glycine + L-Asparagine RXN0-6982 gly-gln + Water > Glycine + L-Glutamine RXN0-6983 glycyl-L-glutamate + Water > Glycine + L-Glutamate RXN0-6984 gly-asp + Water > Glycine + L-Aspartic acid RXN0-6987 glycylproline + Water > Glycine + L-Proline RXN0-6988 L-Threonine > Acetaldehyde + Glycine THREONINE-ALDOLASE-RXN Glycine + H-protein-lipoyllysine > H-protein-S-aminomethyldihydrolipoyllysine + Carbon dioxide 5,10-Methylene-THF + Glycine + Water > Tetrahydrofolic acid + L-Serine Adenosine triphosphate + gamma-Glutamylcysteine + Glycine > ADP + Inorganic phosphate + Glutathione Acetyl-CoA + Glycine > CoA + L-2-Amino-3-oxobutanoic acid Adenosine triphosphate + 5-Phosphoribosylamine + Glycine > ADP + Inorganic phosphate + 5'-Phospho-ribosylglycinamide Adenosine triphosphate + Glycine + tRNA(Gly) > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + glycyl-tRNA(Gly) Tetrahydrofolic acid + L-Serine + Tetrahydrofolic acid + L-Serine <> 5,10-Methylene-THF + Glycine + Water + 5,10-Methylene-THF PW_R002544 L-Alanine + Glyoxylic acid + L-Alanine <> Glycine + Pyruvic acid PW_R002587 Glycine + Adenosine triphosphate + Hydrogen ion + tRNA(gly) > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + Glycyl-tRNA(Gly) PW_R002827 gamma-Glutamylcysteine + Glycine + Adenosine triphosphate > Hydrogen ion + Phosphate + Adenosine diphosphate + Glutathione + ADP PW_R003053 5-Phosphoribosylamine + Glycine + Adenosine triphosphate + 5-Phosphoribosylamine > N1-(5-phospho-β-D-ribosyl)glycinamide + Phosphate + Adenosine diphosphate + Hydrogen ion + ADP PW_R003411 L-2-Amino-3-oxobutanoic acid + Coenzyme A > Acetyl-CoA + Glycine PW_R005169 Adenosine triphosphate + Glycine + tRNA(Gly) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Glycyl-tRNA(Gly) + Pyrophosphate Adenosine triphosphate + gamma-Glutamylcysteine + Glycine <> ADP + Glutathione + Hydrogen ion + Phosphate L-Threonine <> Acetaldehyde + Glycine L-Allothreonine > Acetaldehyde + Glycine Cysteinylglycine + Water > L-Cysteine + Glycine Adenosine triphosphate + Glycine + 5 5-Phosphoribosylamine <> ADP + Glycineamideribotide + Hydrogen ion + Phosphate Glycine + Lipoylprotein <> S-Aminomethyldihydrolipoylprotein + Carbon dioxide Glycine + Tetrahydrofolic acid + NAD <>5 5,10-Methylene-THF + Ammonia + Carbon dioxide + NADH + Hydrogen ion Adenosine triphosphate + Glycine + tRNA(Gly) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Glycyl-tRNA(Gly) + Pyrophosphate L-Allothreonine > Acetaldehyde + Glycine Glycine + Tetrahydrofolic acid + NAD <>5 5,10-Methylene-THF + Ammonia + Carbon dioxide + NADH + Hydrogen ion 48 mM Na2HPO4, 22 mM KH2PO4, 10 mM NaCl, 45 mM (NH4)2SO4, supplemented with 1 mM MgSO4, 1 mg/l thiamine·HCl, 5.6 mg/l CaCl2, 8 mg/l FeCl3, 1 mg/l MnCl2·4H2O, 1.7 mg/l ZnCl2, 0.43 mg/l CuCl2·2H2O, 0.6 mg/l CoCl2·2H2O and 0.6 mg/l Na2MoO4·2H2O. 4 g/L Gluco Bioreactor, pH controlled, O2 and CO2 controlled, dilution rate: 0.2/h 318.0 uM 0.0 37 oC BW25113 Stationary Phase, glucose limited 1272000 0 Ishii, N., Nakahigashi, K., Baba, T., Robert, M., Soga, T., Kanai, A., Hirasawa, T., Naba, M., Hirai, K., Hoque, A., Ho, P. Y., Kakazu, Y., Sugawara, K., Igarashi, S., Harada, S., Masuda, T., Sugiyama, N., Togashi, T., Hasegawa, M., Takai, Y., Yugi, K., Arakawa, K., Iwata, N., Toya, Y., Nakayama, Y., Nishioka, T., Shimizu, K., Mori, H., Tomita, M. (2007). "Multiple high-throughput analyses monitor the response of E. coli to perturbations." Science 316:593-597. 17379776 Luria-Bertani (LB) media Shake flask 235.33 uM true 14.15 37 oC BL21 DE3 Stationary phase cultures (overnight culture) 941333 56616 Lin, Z., Johnson, L. C., Weissbach, H., Brot, N., Lively, M. O., Lowther, W. T. (2007). "Free methionine-(R)-sulfoxide reductase from Escherichia coli reveals a new GAF domain function." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:9597-9602. 17535911