2.02012-05-31 10:28:02 -06002015-09-13 12:56:08 -0600ECMDB00630M2MDB000161CytosineCytosine (C) is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). It is a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. 4-Amino-2(1H)-pyrimidinone4-Amino-2-hydroxypyrimidine4-Amino-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyrimidine4-AminouracilCytosineCytosinimineC4H5N3O111.102111.0432617976-amino-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-2-one2(1H)-pyrimidinone, 6-amino-71-30-7NC1=CC=NC(=O)N1InChI=1S/C4H5N3O/c5-3-1-2-6-4(8)7-3/h1-2H,(H3,5,6,7,8)OPTASPLRGRRNAP-UHFFFAOYSA-NSolidCytosolExtra-organismPeriplasmlogp-0.94logs-0.56solubility3.09e+01 g/lmelting_point>300 oClogp-1.1pka_strongest_acidic9.83pka_strongest_basic-0.06iupac6-amino-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-2-oneaverage_mass111.102mono_mass111.043261797smilesNC1=CC=NC(=O)N1formulaC4H5N3OinchiInChI=1S/C4H5N3O/c5-3-1-2-6-4(8)7-3/h1-2H,(H3,5,6,7,8)inchikeyOPTASPLRGRRNAP-UHFFFAOYSA-Npolar_surface_area67.48refractivity38.01polarizability9.88rotatable_bond_count0acceptor_count3donor_count2physiological_charge0formal_charge0Arginine and proline metabolismec00330Pyrimidine metabolismThe metabolism of pyrimidines begins with L-glutamine interacting with water molecule and a hydrogen carbonate through an ATP driven carbamoyl phosphate synthetase resulting in a hydrogen ion, an ADP, a phosphate, an L-glutamic acid and a carbamoyl phosphate. The latter compound interacts with an L-aspartic acid through a aspartate transcarbamylase resulting in a phosphate, a hydrogen ion and a N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate. The latter compound interacts with a hydrogen ion through a dihydroorotase resulting in the release of a water molecule and a 4,5-dihydroorotic acid. This compound interacts with an ubiquinone-1 through a dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, type 2 resulting in a release of an ubiquinol-1 and an orotic acid. The orotic acid then interacts with a phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate through a orotate phosphoribosyltransferase resulting in a pyrophosphate and an orotidylic acid. The latter compound then interacts with a hydrogen ion through an orotidine-5 '-phosphate decarboxylase, resulting in an release of carbon dioxide and an Uridine 5' monophosphate. The Uridine 5' monophosphate process to get phosphorylated by an ATP driven UMP kinase resulting in the release of an ADP and an Uridine 5--diphosphate.
Uridine 5-diphosphate can be metabolized in multiple ways in order to produce a Deoxyuridine triphosphate.
1.-Uridine 5-diphosphate interacts with a reduced thioredoxin through a ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase 1 resulting in the release of a water molecule and an oxidized thioredoxin and an dUDP. The dUDP is then phosphorylated by an ATP through a nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in the release of an ADP and a DeoxyUridine triphosphate.
2.-Uridine 5-diphosphate interacts with a reduced NrdH glutaredoxin-like protein through a Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase 1 resulting in a release of a water molecule, an oxidized NrdH glutaredoxin-like protein and a dUDP. The dUDP is then phosphorylated by an ATP through a nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in the release of an ADP and a DeoxyUridine triphosphate.
3.-Uridine 5-diphosphate is phosphorylated by an ATP-driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and an Uridinetriphosphate. The latter compound interacts with a reduced flavodoxin through ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductase resulting in the release of an oxidized flavodoxin, a water molecule and a Deoxyuridine triphosphate
4.-Uridine 5-diphosphate is phosphorylated by an ATP-driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and an Uridinetriphosphate The uridine triphosphate interacts with a L-glutamine and a water molecule through an ATP driven CTP synthase resulting in an ADP, a phosphate, a hydrogen ion, an L-glutamic acid and a cytidine triphosphate. The cytidine triphosphate interacts with a reduced flavodoxin through a ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductase resulting in the release of a water molecule, an oxidized flavodoxin and a dCTP. The dCTP interacts with a water molecule and a hydrogen ion through a dCTP deaminase resulting in a release of an ammonium molecule and a Deoxyuridine triphosphate.
5.-Uridine 5-diphosphate is phosphorylated by an ATP-driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and an Uridinetriphosphate The uridine triphosphate interacts with a L-glutamine and a water molecule through an ATP driven CTP synthase resulting in an ADP, a phosphate, a hydrogen ion, an L-glutamic acid and a cytidine triphosphate. The cytidine triphosphate then interacts spontaneously with a water molecule resulting in the release of a phosphate, a hydrogen ion and a CDP. The CDP then interacts with a reduced NrdH glutaredoxin-like protein through a ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase 2 resulting in the release of a water molecule, an oxidized NrdH glutaredoxin-like protein and a dCDP. The dCDP is then phosphorylated through an ATP driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and a dCTP. The dCTP interacts with a water molecule and a hydrogen ion through a dCTP deaminase resulting in a release of an ammonium molecule and a Deoxyuridine triphosphate.
6.-Uridine 5-diphosphate is phosphorylated by an ATP-driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and an Uridinetriphosphate The uridine triphosphate interacts with a L-glutamine and a water molecule through an ATP driven CTP synthase resulting in an ADP, a phosphate, a hydrogen ion, an L-glutamic acid and a cytidine triphosphate. The cytidine triphosphate then interacts spontaneously with a water molecule resulting in the release of a phosphate, a hydrogen ion and a CDP. The CDP interacts with a reduced thioredoxin through a ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase 1 resulting in a release of a water molecule, an oxidized thioredoxin and a dCDP. The dCDP is then phosphorylated through an ATP driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and a dCTP. The dCTP interacts with a water molecule and a hydrogen ion through a dCTP deaminase resulting in a release of an ammonium molecule and a Deoxyuridine triphosphate.
The deoxyuridine triphosphate then interacts with a water molecule through a nucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase resulting in a release of a hydrogen ion, a phosphate and a dUMP. The dUMP then interacts with a methenyltetrahydrofolate through a thymidylate synthase resulting in a dihydrofolic acid and a 5-thymidylic acid. Then 5-thymidylic acid is then phosphorylated through a nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in the release of an ADP and thymidine 5'-triphosphate.PW000942ec00240MetabolicMetabolic pathwayseco01100salvage pathways of pyrimidine ribonucleotidesPWY0-163Specdb::CMs582Specdb::CMs1215Specdb::CMs1295Specdb::CMs2810Specdb::CMs30503Specdb::CMs31176Specdb::CMs31177Specdb::CMs32000Specdb::CMs32001Specdb::CMs146236Specdb::NmrOneD1243Specdb::NmrOneD1445Specdb::NmrOneD4681Specdb::NmrOneD4710Specdb::NmrOneD4927Specdb::NmrOneD144590Specdb::NmrOneD144591Specdb::NmrOneD144592Specdb::NmrOneD144593Specdb::NmrOneD144594Specdb::NmrOneD144595Specdb::NmrOneD144596Specdb::NmrOneD144597Specdb::NmrOneD144598Specdb::NmrOneD144599Specdb::NmrOneD144600Specdb::NmrOneD144601Specdb::NmrOneD144602Specdb::NmrOneD144603Specdb::NmrOneD144604Specdb::NmrOneD144605Specdb::NmrOneD144606Specdb::NmrOneD144607Specdb::NmrOneD144608Specdb::NmrOneD144609Specdb::MsMs858Specdb::MsMs859Specdb::MsMs860Specdb::MsMs4246Specdb::MsMs4247Specdb::MsMs4248Specdb::MsMs4249Specdb::MsMs4250Specdb::MsMs4251Specdb::MsMs4252Specdb::MsMs4253Specdb::MsMs4254Specdb::MsMs4255Specdb::MsMs4256Specdb::MsMs4257Specdb::MsMs4258Specdb::MsMs21398Specdb::MsMs21399Specdb::MsMs21400Specdb::MsMs22949Specdb::MsMs22950Specdb::MsMs22951Specdb::MsMs437405Specdb::MsMs437406Specdb::MsMs437407Specdb::NmrTwoD1026Specdb::NmrTwoD1390HMDB00630597577C0038016040CYTOSINECYTCytosineKeseler, I. 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Journal of Biological Chemistry (1949), 177 357-60.http://hmdb.ca/system/metabolites/msds/000/000/549/original/HMDB00630.pdf?1358894018Non-specific ribonucleoside hydrolase rihCP22564RIHC_ECOLIrihChttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P22564.xmlCytosine deaminaseP25524CODA_ECOLIcodAhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P25524.xmlPyrimidine-specific ribonucleoside hydrolase rihBP33022RIHB_ECOLIrihBhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P33022.xmlPyrimidine-specific ribonucleoside hydrolase rihAP41409RIHA_ECOLIrihAhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P41409.xmlCytosine permeaseP0AA82CODB_ECOLIcodBhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AA82.xmlOuter membrane protein NP77747OMPN_ECOLIompNhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P77747.xmlOuter membrane pore protein EP02932PHOE_ECOLIphoEhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P02932.xmlOuter membrane protein FP02931OMPF_ECOLIompFhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P02931.xmlOuter membrane protein CP06996OMPC_ECOLIompChttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P06996.xmlCytidine + Water > Cytosine + RiboseR02137Cytosine + Hydrogen ion + Water > Ammonium + UracilCytosine + Water <> Uracil + AmmoniaR00974CYTDEAM-RXNCytidine + Water <> Cytosine + RiboseR02137Water + Cytosine > Ammonia + UracilCYTDEAM-RXNCytidine + Water > D-ribose + CytosineRXN0-361N3-Methylcytosine + Oxygen + Oxoglutaric acid > Hydrogen ion + Cytosine + Carbon dioxide + Formaldehyde + Succinic acidRXN0-985Cytosine + Water <> Uracil + AmmoniaCytosine + Water <> Uracil + AmmoniaGutnick minimal complete medium (4.7 g/L KH2PO4; 13.5 g/L K2HPO4; 1 g/L K2SO4; 0.1 g/L MgSO4-7H2O; 10 mM NH4Cl) with 4 g/L glucoseShake flask and filter culture14.1uM0.037 oCK12 NCM3722Mid-Log Phase564000Bennett, B. D., Kimball, E. H., Gao, M., Osterhout, R., Van Dien, S. J., Rabinowitz, J. D. (2009). "Absolute metabolite concentrations and implied enzyme active site occupancy in Escherichia coli." Nat Chem Biol 5:593-599.1956162148 mM Na2HPO4, 22 mM KH2PO4, 10 mM NaCl, 45 mM (NH4)2SO4, supplemented with 1 mM MgSO4, 1 mg/l thiamine·HCl, 5.6 mg/l CaCl2, 8 mg/l FeCl3, 1 mg/l MnCl2·4H2O, 1.7 mg/l ZnCl2, 0.43 mg/l CuCl2·2H2O, 0.6 mg/l CoCl2·2H2O and 0.6 mg/l Na2MoO4·2H2O. 4 g/L GlucoBioreactor, pH controlled, O2 and CO2 controlled, dilution rate: 0.2/h9.82uM0.037 oCBW25113Stationary Phase, glucose limited392800Ishii, N., Nakahigashi, K., Baba, T., Robert, M., Soga, T., Kanai, A., Hirasawa, T., Naba, M., Hirai, K., Hoque, A., Ho, P. Y., Kakazu, Y., Sugawara, K., Igarashi, S., Harada, S., Masuda, T., Sugiyama, N., Togashi, T., Hasegawa, M., Takai, Y., Yugi, K., Arakawa, K., Iwata, N., Toya, Y., Nakayama, Y., Nishioka, T., Shimizu, K., Mori, H., Tomita, M. (2007). "Multiple high-throughput analyses monitor the response of E. coli to perturbations." Science 316:593-597.17379776