<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<compound>
  <version>2.0</version>
  <creation_date>2012-05-31 13:03:52 -0600</creation_date>
  <update_date>2015-09-13 15:15:21 -0600</update_date>
  <accession>ECMDB01051</accession>
  <m2m_id>M2MDB000233</m2m_id>
  <name>D-Glyceraldehyde</name>
  <description>Glyceraldehyde is a triose monosaccharide with chemical formula C3H6O3. It is the simplest of all common aldoses. It is a sweet colorless crystalline solid that is an intermediate compound in carbohydrate metabolism. The word comes from combining glycerine and aldehyde, as glyceraldehyde is merely glycerine with one hydroxide changed to an aldehyde.</description>
  <synonyms>
    <synonym>&amp;alpha;,&amp;beta;-dihydroxypropionaldehyde</synonym>
    <synonym>(+/-)-2,3-dihydroxy-Propanal</synonym>
    <synonym>(+/-)-Glyceraldehyde</synonym>
    <synonym>2, 3-Dihydroxy-Propanal</synonym>
    <synonym>2,3-Dihydroxy-Propionaldehyde</synonym>
    <synonym>2,3-Dihydroxypropanal</synonym>
    <synonym>2,3-Dihydroxypropionaldehyde</synonym>
    <synonym>A,b-Dihydroxypropionaldehyde</synonym>
    <synonym>Alpha,beta-Dihydroxypropionaldehyde</synonym>
    <synonym>D-(+)-Glyceraldehyde</synonym>
    <synonym>D-2,3-Dihydroxypropanal</synonym>
    <synonym>D-2,3-Dihydroxypropionaldehyde</synonym>
    <synonym>D-Aldotriose</synonym>
    <synonym>D-Glycerose</synonym>
    <synonym>Delta-(+)-Glyceraldehyde</synonym>
    <synonym>Delta-2,3-dihydroxypropanal</synonym>
    <synonym>Delta-2,3-dihydroxypropionaldehyde</synonym>
    <synonym>Delta-aldotriose</synonym>
    <synonym>Delta-Glyceraldehyde</synonym>
    <synonym>Delta-glycerose</synonym>
    <synonym>Dihydroxypropionaldehyde</synonym>
    <synonym>DL-GLYC</synonym>
    <synonym>DL-Glyceraldehyde</synonym>
    <synonym>DL-Glyceric aldehyde</synonym>
    <synonym>DLG</synonym>
    <synonym>Glyceraldehyde</synonym>
    <synonym>Glyceric aldehyde</synonym>
    <synonym>Glycerinaldehyde</synonym>
    <synonym>Glycerinformal</synonym>
    <synonym>Glycerose</synonym>
    <synonym>α,β-Dihydroxypropionaldehyde</synonym>
    <synonym>δ-(+)-Glyceraldehyde</synonym>
    <synonym>δ-2,3-Dihydroxypropanal</synonym>
    <synonym>δ-2,3-Dihydroxypropionaldehyde</synonym>
    <synonym>δ-Aldotriose</synonym>
    <synonym>δ-Glyceraldehyde</synonym>
    <synonym>δ-Glycerose</synonym>
  </synonyms>
  <chemical_formula>C3H6O3</chemical_formula>
  <average_molecular_weight>90.0779</average_molecular_weight>
  <monisotopic_moleculate_weight>90.031694058</monisotopic_moleculate_weight>
  <iupac_name>2,3-dihydroxypropanal</iupac_name>
  <traditional_iupac>(+/-)-glyceraldehyde</traditional_iupac>
  <cas_registry_number>56-82-6</cas_registry_number>
  <smiles>OCC(O)C=O</smiles>
  <inchi>InChI=1S/C3H6O3/c4-1-3(6)2-5/h1,3,5-6H,2H2</inchi>
  <inchikey>MNQZXJOMYWMBOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N</inchikey>
  <state>Solid</state>
  <cellular_locations>
    <cellular_location>Cytosol</cellular_location>
    <cellular_location>Extra-organism</cellular_location>
    <cellular_location>Periplasm</cellular_location>
  </cellular_locations>
  <predicted_properties>
    <property>
      <kind>logp</kind>
      <value>-1.63</value>
      <source>ALOGPS</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>logs</kind>
      <value>0.96</value>
      <source>ALOGPS</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>solubility</kind>
      <value>8.14e+02 g/l</value>
      <source>ALOGPS</source>
    </property>
  </predicted_properties>
  <experimental_properties>
    <property>
      <kind>melting_point</kind>
      <value>145 oC</value>
    </property>
  </experimental_properties>
  <property>
    <kind>logp</kind>
    <value>-1.7</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>pka_strongest_acidic</kind>
    <value>12.84</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>pka_strongest_basic</kind>
    <value>-3</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>iupac</kind>
    <value>2,3-dihydroxypropanal</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>average_mass</kind>
    <value>90.0779</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>mono_mass</kind>
    <value>90.031694058</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>smiles</kind>
    <value>OCC(O)C=O</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>formula</kind>
    <value>C3H6O3</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>inchi</kind>
    <value>InChI=1S/C3H6O3/c4-1-3(6)2-5/h1,3,5-6H,2H2</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>inchikey</kind>
    <value>MNQZXJOMYWMBOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>polar_surface_area</kind>
    <value>57.53</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>refractivity</kind>
    <value>19.46</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>polarizability</kind>
    <value>8.07</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>rotatable_bond_count</kind>
    <value>2</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>acceptor_count</kind>
    <value>3</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>donor_count</kind>
    <value>2</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>physiological_charge</kind>
    <value>0</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>formal_charge</kind>
    <value>0</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <pathways>
  </pathways>
  <spectra>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>699</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>700</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2653</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>30144</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>30145</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>30554</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>30555</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>37905</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>120025</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>171346</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>868161</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>868162</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>868163</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>868164</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>868165</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>868166</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>868167</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>868168</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>868169</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>868170</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>868171</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>1637</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>5146</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>8402</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>8403</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>8404</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>8405</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>8406</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>8407</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>8408</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>8409</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>8410</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>8411</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>8412</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>8413</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>8414</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>8415</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>8416</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>8417</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>8418</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>8419</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>8420</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>8421</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1403</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1404</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1405</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>182691</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>182692</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>182693</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>183039</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>183040</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>183041</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>440063</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2831011</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2831012</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2831013</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2847251</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2847252</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2847253</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrTwoD</type>
      <spectrum_id>1052</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrTwoD</type>
      <spectrum_id>1578</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
  </spectra>
  <hmdb_id>HMDB01051</hmdb_id>
  <pubchem_compound_id/>
  <chemspider_id>731</chemspider_id>
  <kegg_id>C00577</kegg_id>
  <chebi_id>5445</chebi_id>
  <biocyc_id>GLYCERALD</biocyc_id>
  <het_id/>
  <wikipidia>Glyceraldehyde</wikipidia>
  <foodb_id/>
  <general_references>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Keseler, I. M., Collado-Vides, J., Santos-Zavaleta, A., Peralta-Gil, M., Gama-Castro, S., Muniz-Rascado, L., Bonavides-Martinez, C., Paley, S., Krummenacker, M., Altman, T., Kaipa, P., Spaulding, A., Pacheco, J., Latendresse, M., Fulcher, C., Sarker, M., Shearer, A. G., Mackie, A., Paulsen, I., Gunsalus, R. P., Karp, P. D. (2011). "EcoCyc: a comprehensive database of Escherichia coli biology." Nucleic Acids Res 39:D583-D590.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>21097882</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Kanehisa, M., Goto, S., Sato, Y., Furumichi, M., Tanabe, M. (2012). "KEGG for integration and interpretation of large-scale molecular data sets." Nucleic Acids Res 40:D109-D114.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>22080510</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Gugliucci A: A practical method to study functional impairment of proteins by glycation and effects of inhibitors using current coagulation/fibrinolysis reagent kits. Clin Biochem. 2003 Mar;36(2):155-8.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>12633766</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Beard KM, Shangari N, Wu B, O'Brien PJ: Metabolism, not autoxidation, plays a role in alpha-oxoaldehyde- and reducing sugar-induced erythrocyte GSH depletion: relevance for diabetes mellitus. Mol Cell Biochem. 2003 Oct;252(1-2):331-8.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>14577607</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Iwata H, Ukeda H, Maruyama T, Fujino T, Sawamura M: Effect of carbonyl compounds on red blood cells deformability.  Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004 Aug 27;321(3):700-6.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>15358163</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Zakrzewska I, Prokopowicz J, Worowski K, Skrzydlewska E, Puchalski Z, Piotrowski Z: Low molecular organic inactivators in differentiating organ origin of alpha-amylase in humans. Part I. Mater Med Pol. 1989 Oct-Dec;21(4):274-6.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>2518736</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Phillipou G, Seaborn CJ, Phillips PJ: Re-evaluation of the fructosamine reaction.  Clin Chem. 1988 Aug;34(8):1561-4.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>3402055</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Fujita T, Funako T, Hayashi H: 8-Hydroxydaidzein, an aldose reductase inhibitor from okara fermented with Aspergillus sp. HK-388. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2004 Jul;68(7):1588-90.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>15277768</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Haraguchi H, Hayashi R, Ishizu T, Yagi A: A flavone from Manilkara indica as a specific inhibitor against aldose reductase in vitro. Planta Med. 2003 Sep;69(9):853-5.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>14598214</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Yamagishi S, Nakamura K, Inoue H, Kikuchi S, Takeuchi M: Serum or cerebrospinal fluid levels of glyceraldehyde-derived advanced glycation end products (AGEs) may be a promising biomarker for early detection of Alzheimer's disease. Med Hypotheses. 2005;64(6):1205-7.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>15823718</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Choei H, Sasaki N, Takeuchi M, Yoshida T, Ukai W, Yamagishi S, Kikuchi S, Saito T: Glyceraldehyde-derived advanced glycation end products in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 2004 Sep;108(3):189-93. Epub 2004 Jun 17.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>15221334</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Jonas AJ, Lin SN, Conley SB, Schneider JA, Williams JC, Caprioli RC: Urine glyceraldehyde excretion is elevated in the renal Fanconi syndrome.  Kidney Int. 1989 Jan;35(1):99-104.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>2709665</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Takeuchi M, Yamagishi S: Alternative routes for the formation of glyceraldehyde-derived AGEs (TAGE) in vivo. Med Hypotheses. 2004;63(3):453-5.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>15288367</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Nagaraj RH, Oya-Ito T, Padayatti PS, Kumar R, Mehta S, West K, Levison B, Sun J, Crabb JW, Padival AK: Enhancement of chaperone function of alpha-crystallin by methylglyoxal modification. Biochemistry. 2003 Sep 16;42(36):10746-55.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>12962499</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
  </general_references>
  <synthesis_reference>Wan, Xin-Jun; Song, Ming-You; Wu, Rong; Chu, Dao-Bao.  Synthesis of glyceraldehyde by indirect electrooxidation.    Yingyong Huaxue  (2003),  20(6),  578-581. </synthesis_reference>
  <msds_url>http://hmdb.ca/system/metabolites/msds/000/000/945/original/HMDB01051.pdf?1358462747</msds_url>
  <enzymes>
    <enzyme>
      <name>Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase class 1</name>
      <uniprot_id>P0A991</uniprot_id>
      <uniprot_name>ALF1_ECOLI</uniprot_name>
      <gene_name>fbaB</gene_name>
      <protein_url>http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A991.xml</protein_url>
    </enzyme>
    <enzyme>
      <name>Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase class 2</name>
      <uniprot_id>P0AB71</uniprot_id>
      <uniprot_name>ALF_ECOLI</uniprot_name>
      <gene_name>fbaA</gene_name>
      <protein_url>http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AB71.xml</protein_url>
    </enzyme>
    <enzyme>
      <name>S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione dehydrogenase</name>
      <uniprot_id>P25437</uniprot_id>
      <uniprot_name>FRMA_ECOLI</uniprot_name>
      <gene_name>frmA</gene_name>
      <protein_url>http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P25437.xml</protein_url>
    </enzyme>
  </enzymes>
  <transporters>
    <enzyme>
      <name>Sugar efflux transporter C</name>
      <uniprot_id>P31436</uniprot_id>
      <uniprot_name>SETC_ECOLI</uniprot_name>
      <gene_name>setC</gene_name>
      <protein_url>http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P31436.xml</protein_url>
    </enzyme>
    <enzyme>
      <name>Outer membrane protein N</name>
      <uniprot_id>P77747</uniprot_id>
      <uniprot_name>OMPN_ECOLI</uniprot_name>
      <gene_name>ompN</gene_name>
      <protein_url>http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P77747.xml</protein_url>
    </enzyme>
    <enzyme>
      <name>Outer membrane pore protein E</name>
      <uniprot_id>P02932</uniprot_id>
      <uniprot_name>PHOE_ECOLI</uniprot_name>
      <gene_name>phoE</gene_name>
      <protein_url>http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P02932.xml</protein_url>
    </enzyme>
    <enzyme>
      <name>Glycerol uptake facilitator protein</name>
      <uniprot_id>P0AER0</uniprot_id>
      <uniprot_name>GLPF_ECOLI</uniprot_name>
      <gene_name>glpF</gene_name>
      <protein_url>http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AER0.xml</protein_url>
    </enzyme>
    <enzyme>
      <name>Outer membrane protein F</name>
      <uniprot_id>P02931</uniprot_id>
      <uniprot_name>OMPF_ECOLI</uniprot_name>
      <gene_name>ompF</gene_name>
      <protein_url>http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P02931.xml</protein_url>
    </enzyme>
    <enzyme>
      <name>Outer membrane protein C</name>
      <uniprot_id>P06996</uniprot_id>
      <uniprot_name>OMPC_ECOLI</uniprot_name>
      <gene_name>ompC</gene_name>
      <protein_url>http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P06996.xml</protein_url>
    </enzyme>
  </transporters>
  <reactions>
    <reaction_text>D-Glyceraldehyde + Hydrogen ion + NADH &lt;&gt; Glycerol + NAD</reaction_text>
    <kegg_reaction_id/>
    <ecocyc_id/>
    <pw_reaction_id/>
    <reaction_text>2-Keto-3-deoxy-D-gluconic acid  D-Glyceraldehyde + Pyruvic acid</reaction_text>
    <kegg_reaction_id/>
    <ecocyc_id>DHDOGALDOL-RXN</ecocyc_id>
    <pw_reaction_id/>
  </reactions>
  <concentrations>
  </concentrations>
</compound>
