2.02012-05-31 13:59:51 -06002015-10-15 16:15:08 -0600ECMDB03556M2MDB000515ChitobioseChitobiose is a dimer of beta-1,4-linked glucosamine units. There is ambiguity as to which structure the name refers, owing to the method by which it was first isolated.2-(acetylamino)-4-O-[2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranose2-(acetylamino)-4-O-[2-(acetylamino)-2-Deoxy-b-D-glucopyranosyl]-2-deoxy-b-D-glucopyranose2-(Acetylamino)-4-O-[2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose2-(acetylamino)-4-O-[2-(acetylamino)-2-Deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranose<i>N</i>-[2-[5-acetylamino-4,6-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydropyran-3-yl]oxy-4,5-dihyrdoxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydropyran-3-yl]acetamideCBSChitobioseChitodextrinDiacetylchitobioseN-[2-[5-Acetylamino-4,6-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydropyran-3-yl]oxy-4,5-dihyrdoxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydropyran-3-yl]acetamideC16H28N2O11424.403424.16930973N-[(3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-{[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-acetamido-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}-2,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]acetamideN,N-diacetylchitobiose577-76-4CC(=O)N[C@H]1C(O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O[C@@H]2O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]2NC(C)=O)[C@@H]1OInChI=1S/C16H28N2O11/c1-5(21)17-9-13(25)14(8(4-20)27-15(9)26)29-16-10(18-6(2)22)12(24)11(23)7(3-19)28-16/h7-16,19-20,23-26H,3-4H2,1-2H3,(H,17,21)(H,18,22)/t7-,8-,9-,10-,11-,12-,13-,14-,15?,16+/m1/s1CDOJPCSDOXYJJF-CBTAGEKQSA-NSolidExtra-organismPeriplasmlogp-2.60logs-0.58solubility1.11e+02 g/llogp-5.3pka_strongest_acidic11.5pka_strongest_basic-3iupacN-[(3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-{[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-acetamido-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}-2,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]acetamideaverage_mass424.403mono_mass424.16930973smilesCC(=O)N[C@H]1C(O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O[C@@H]2O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]2NC(C)=O)[C@@H]1OformulaC16H28N2O11inchiInChI=1S/C16H28N2O11/c1-5(21)17-9-13(25)14(8(4-20)27-15(9)26)29-16-10(18-6(2)22)12(24)11(23)7(3-19)28-16/h7-16,19-20,23-26H,3-4H2,1-2H3,(H,17,21)(H,18,22)/t7-,8-,9-,10-,11-,12-,13-,14-,15?,16+/m1/s1inchikeyCDOJPCSDOXYJJF-CBTAGEKQSA-Npolar_surface_area207.27refractivity90.54polarizability40.89rotatable_bond_count6acceptor_count11donor_count8physiological_charge0formal_charge0Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolismec00520Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism IThe synthesis of amino sugars and nucleotide sugars starts with the phosphorylation of N-Acetylmuramic acid (MurNac) through its transport from the periplasmic space to the cytoplasm. Once in the cytoplasm, MurNac and water undergo a reversible reaction through a N-acetylmuramic acid 6-phosphate etherase, producing a D-lactic acid and N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate. This latter compound can also be introduced into the cytoplasm through a phosphorylating PTS permase in the inner membrane that allows for the transport of N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine from the periplasmic space. N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate can also be obtained from chitin dependent reactions. Chitin is hydrated through a bifunctional chitinase to produce chitobiose. This in turn gets hydrated by a beta-hexosaminidase to produce N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. The latter undergoes an atp dependent phosphorylation leading to the production of N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate.
N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate is then be deacetylated in order to produce Glucosamine 6-phosphate through a N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase. This compound can either be isomerized or deaminated into Beta-D-fructofuranose 6-phosphate through a glucosamine-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase and a glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase respectively.
Glucosamine 6-phosphate undergoes a reversible reaction to glucosamine 1 phosphate through a phosphoglucosamine mutase. This compound is then acetylated through a bifunctional protein glmU to produce a N-Acetyl glucosamine 1-phosphate.
N-Acetyl glucosamine 1-phosphate enters the nucleotide sugar synthesis by reacting with UTP and hydrogen ion through a bifunctional protein glmU releasing pyrophosphate and a Uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine.This compound can either be isomerized into a UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine or undergo a reaction with phosphoenolpyruvic acid through UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase releasing a phosphate and a UDP-N-Acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine-enolpyruvate.
UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine undergoes a NAD dependent dehydrogenation through a UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine dehydrogenase, releasing NADH, a hydrogen ion and a UDP-N-Acetyl-alpha-D-mannosaminuronate, This compound is then used in the production of enterobacterial common antigens.
UDP-N-Acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine-enolpyruvate is reduced through a NADPH dependent UDP-N-acetylenolpyruvoylglucosamine reductase, releasing a NADP and a UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-muramate. This compound is involved in the D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism.
PW000886MetabolicAmino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism IIThe synthesis of amino sugars and nucleotide sugars starts with the phosphorylation of N-Acetylmuramic acid (MurNac) through its transport from the periplasmic space to the cytoplasm. Once in the cytoplasm, MurNac and water undergo a reversible reaction through a N-acetylmuramic acid 6-phosphate etherase, producing a D-lactic acid and N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate. This latter compound can also be introduced into the cytoplasm through a phosphorylating PTS permase in the inner membrane that allows for the transport of N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine from the periplasmic space. N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate can also be obtained from chitin dependent reactions. Chitin is hydrated through a bifunctional chitinase to produce chitobiose. This in turn gets hydrated by a beta-hexosaminidase to produce N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. The latter undergoes an atp dependent phosphorylation leading to the production of N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate.
N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate is then be deacetylated in order to produce Glucosamine 6-phosphate through a N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase. This compound is then deaminased into Beta-D-fructofuranose 6-phosphate through a glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase.
The beta-D-fructofuranose 6 -phosphate is isomerized in a reversible reaction into an alpha-D-mannose 6-phosphate. This compound can also be introduced into the cell from the periplasmic space through a mannose PTS permease that phosphorylates an alpha-D-mannose. Alpha-D-mannose 6-phosphate undergoes a reversible reaction through a phosphomannomutase to produce an alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate.
The alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate enters the nucleotide sugar metabolism through a reaction with GTP producing a GDP-mannose and releasing a pyrophosphate, all through a mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase. GDP-mannose is then dehydrated to produce GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-alpha-D-mannose through a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase. This compound is then used to synthesize GDP-Beta-L-fucose through a NADPH dependent GDP-L-fucose synthase.
Alpha-D-glucose is introduced into the cytoplasm through a glucose PTS permease, which phosphorylates the compound in order to produce an alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate. This compound is then modified through a phosphoglucomutase 1 to yield alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate. This compound can either be adenylated to produce ADP-glucose or uridylylated to produce galactose 1-phosphate through glucose-1-phosphate adenyllyltransferase and galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase respectively.PW000887MetabolicAmino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism IIIThe synthesis of amino sugars and nucleotide sugars starts with the phosphorylation of N-Acetylmuramic acid (MurNac) through its transport from the periplasmic space to the cytoplasm. Once in the cytoplasm, MurNac and water undergo a reversible reaction through a N-acetylmuramic acid 6-phosphate etherase, producing a D-lactic acid and N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate. This latter compound can also be introduced into the cytoplasm through a phosphorylating PTS permase in the inner membrane that allows for the transport of N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine from the periplasmic space. N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate can also be obtained from chitin dependent reactions. Chitin is hydrated through a bifunctional chitinase to produce chitobiose. This in turn gets hydrated by a beta-hexosaminidase to produce N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. The latter undergoes an atp dependent phosphorylation leading to the production of N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate.
N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate is then be deacetylated in order to produce Glucosamine 6-phosphate through a N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase. This compound is then deaminased into Beta-D-fructofuranose 6-phosphate through a glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase.
Beta-D-fructofuranose 6-phosphate is isomerized into a beta-D-glucose 6-phosphate through a glucose-6-phosphate isomerase. The compound is then isomerized by a putative beta-phosphoglucomutase to produce a beta-D-glucose 1-phosphate. This compound enters the nucleotide sugar metabolism through uridylation resulting in a UDP-glucose. UDP-glucose is then dehydrated through a UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase to produce a UDP-glucuronic acid. This compound undergoes a NAD dependent reaction through a bifunctional polymyxin resistance protein to produce UDP-Beta-L-threo-pentapyranos-4-ulose. This compound then reacts with L-glutamic acid through a UDP-4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose--oxoglutarate aminotransferase to produce an oxoglutaric acid and UDP-4-amino-4-deoxy-beta-L-arabinopyranose
The latter compound interacts with a N10-formyl-tetrahydrofolate through a bifunctional polymyxin resistance protein ArnA, resulting in a tetrahydrofolate, a hydrogen ion and a UDP-4-deoxy-4-formamido-beta-L-arabinopyranose, which in turn reacts with a product of the methylerythritol phosphate and polysoprenoid biosynthesis pathway, di-trans,octa-cis-undecaprenyl phosphate to produce a 4-deoxy-4-formamido-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl ditrans, octacis-undecaprenyl phosphate.
Alpha-D-glucose is introduced into the cytoplasm through a glucose PTS permease, which phosphorylates the compound in order to produce an alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate. This compound is then modified through a phosphoglucomutase 1 to yield alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate. This compound can either be adenylated to produce ADP-glucose or uridylylated to produce galactose 1-phosphate through glucose-1-phosphate adenyllyltransferase and galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase respectively.PW000895MetabolicSpecdb::CMs34136Specdb::CMs49018Specdb::CMs154292Specdb::CMs154294Specdb::CMs154296Specdb::CMs154298Specdb::CMs154300Specdb::CMs154302Specdb::CMs154304Specdb::CMs154306Specdb::CMs154309Specdb::CMs154311Specdb::CMs172907Specdb::CMs279975Specdb::NmrOneD69172Specdb::NmrOneD69173Specdb::NmrOneD69174Specdb::NmrOneD69175Specdb::NmrOneD69176Specdb::NmrOneD69177Specdb::NmrOneD69178Specdb::NmrOneD69179Specdb::NmrOneD69180Specdb::NmrOneD69181Specdb::NmrOneD69182Specdb::NmrOneD69183Specdb::NmrOneD69184Specdb::NmrOneD69185Specdb::NmrOneD69186Specdb::NmrOneD69187Specdb::NmrOneD69188Specdb::NmrOneD69189Specdb::NmrOneD69190Specdb::NmrOneD69191Specdb::MsMs890446Specdb::MsMs890447Specdb::MsMs890448Specdb::MsMs932776Specdb::MsMs932777Specdb::MsMs932778Specdb::MsMs2268547Specdb::MsMs2268548Specdb::MsMs2268549Specdb::MsMs3071016Specdb::MsMs3071017Specdb::MsMs3071018HMDB0355665644017216232C01674CHITOBIOSEChitobioseKeseler, I. M., Collado-Vides, J., Santos-Zavaleta, A., Peralta-Gil, M., Gama-Castro, S., Muniz-Rascado, L., Bonavides-Martinez, C., Paley, S., Krummenacker, M., Altman, T., Kaipa, P., Spaulding, A., Pacheco, J., Latendresse, M., Fulcher, C., Sarker, M., Shearer, A. G., Mackie, A., Paulsen, I., Gunsalus, R. P., Karp, P. D. (2011). "EcoCyc: a comprehensive database of Escherichia coli biology." Nucleic Acids Res 39:D583-D590.21097882Kanehisa, M., Goto, S., Sato, Y., Furumichi, M., Tanabe, M. (2012). "KEGG for integration and interpretation of large-scale molecular data sets." Nucleic Acids Res 40:D109-D114.22080510Winder, C. L., Dunn, W. B., Schuler, S., Broadhurst, D., Jarvis, R., Stephens, G. M., Goodacre, R. (2008). "Global metabolic profiling of Escherichia coli cultures: an evaluation of methods for quenching and extraction of intracellular metabolites." Anal Chem 80:2939-2948.18331064van Pelt J, Hard K, Kamerling JP, Vliegenthart JF, Reuser AJ, Galjaard H: Isolation and structural characterization of twenty-one sialyloligosaccharides from galactosialidosis urine. An intact N,N'-diacetylchitobiose unit at the reducing end of a diantennary structure. Biol Chem Hoppe Seyler. 1989 Mar;370(3):191-203.2713102Collin M, Olsen A: EndoS, a novel secreted protein from Streptococcus pyogenes with endoglycosidase activity on human IgG. EMBO J. 2001 Jun 15;20(12):3046-55.11406581Nimtz M, Grabenhorst E, Gambert U, Costa J, Wray V, Morr M, Thiem J, Conradt HS: In vitro alpha1-3 or alpha1-4 fucosylation of type I and II oligosaccharides with secreted forms of recombinant human fucosyltransferases III and VI. Glycoconj J. 1998 Sep;15(9):873-83.10052591Cottaz, Sylvain; Samain, Eric. Genetic engineering of Escherichia coli for the production of NI,NII-diacetylchitobiose (chitinbiose) and its utilization as a primer for the synthesis of complex carbohydrates. Metabolic Engineering (2005), 7(4), 311Phosphoenolpyruvate-protein phosphotransferaseP08839PT1_ECOLIptsIhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P08839.xmlProbable bifunctional chitinase/lysozymeP13656CHIA_ECOLIchiAhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P13656.xmlBeta-hexosaminidaseP75949NAGZ_ECOLInagZhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P75949.xmlProbable bifunctional chitinase/lysozymeP13656CHIA_ECOLIchiAhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P13656.xmlSugar efflux transporter CP31436SETC_ECOLIsetChttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P31436.xmlN,N'-diacetylchitobiose permease IIC componentP17334PTQC_ECOLIchbChttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P17334.xmlOuter membrane protein NP77747OMPN_ECOLIompNhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P77747.xmlOuter membrane pore protein EP02932PHOE_ECOLIphoEhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P02932.xmlOuter membrane protein FP02931OMPF_ECOLIompFhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P02931.xmlOuter membrane protein CP06996OMPC_ECOLIompChttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P06996.xmlPhosphoenolpyruvic acid + Chitobiose > Diacetylchitobiose-6-phosphate + Pyruvic acidTRANS-RXN-155BChitobiose + Water <>2 N-Acetyl-D-glucosamineR00022Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + Chitobiose > Pyruvic acid + Diacetylchitobiose-6-phosphateTRANS-RXN-155BWater + Chitobiose + Chitobiose >2 N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine +2 N-AcetylglucosaminePW_R003309Chitin + Water > Chitobiose + Chitin + ChitobiosePW_R003310Chitobiose + Water <>2 N-Acetyl-D-glucosamineChitobiose + Water <>2 N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine